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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
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<HTML>
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<HEAD>
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<META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
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<META NAME="Generator" CONTENT="Jim's Markup Program - V0.99">
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<TITLE>EDICT Documentation</TITLE>
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</HEAD>
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<BODY BGCOLOR="white">
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<!-- DO NOT EDIT!!
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This HTML document was generated by the "markup" program.
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Edit the original file instead. -->
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<H1 ALIGN=CENTER> E D I C T </H1>
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<P>
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</P>
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<H2 ALIGN=CENTER> JAPANESE/ENGLISH DICTIONARY FILE</H2>
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<BASEFONT SIZE="3">
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<P>
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<I>Copyright (C) 2003 The Electronic Dictionary Research and Development Group,</I>
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<I>Monash University.</I>
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</P>
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<P>
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Contents:
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</P>
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<UL>
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<li><a href="#IREF00">INTRODUCTION</a>
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<li><a href="#IREF01">CURRENT VERSION </a>
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<li><a href="#IREF02">FORMAT</a>
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<li><a href="#IREF03">EDICT HISTORY</a>
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<li><a href="#IREF04">COPYRIGHT ISSUES</a>
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<li><a href="#IREF05">LEXICOGRAPHICAL DETAILS</a>
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<li><a href="#IREF06">NEW JMDICT PROJECT</a>
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<li><a href="#IREF07">USAGE</a>
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<li><a href="#IREF08">CONTRIBUTIONS</a>
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<li><a href="#IREF09">ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS</a>
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<li><a href="#IREF10">APPENDIX A: EDICT LICENCE STATEMENT</a>
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<li><a href="#IREF11">APPENDIX B. LANGUAGE CODES FROM ISO 639</a>
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</UL>
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<P>
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<b><a name="IREF00">INTRODUCTION</a></b>
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</P>
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<P>
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The EDICT file results from a long-running project to produce a freely
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available Japanese/English Dictionary in machine-readable form.
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</P>
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<P>
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The EDICT file is copyright, and is distributed in accordance with the
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Licence Statement, which can found at the WWW site of the
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<a HREF="http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/groups/edrdg/">Electronic Dictionary Research and Development Group </a>
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who are the owners of the copyright.
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</P>
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<P>
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<b><a name="IREF01">CURRENT VERSION </a></b>
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</P>
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<P>
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The version date and sequence number is included in the dictionary itself
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under the entry "EDICT". (Actually it is under the JIS-ASCII code "????".
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This keeps it as the first entry when it is sorted.)
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</P>
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<P>
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The master copy of EDICT is in the pub/nihongo directory of
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<TT> ftp.cc.monash.edu.au. </TT>
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There are other copies around, but they may not be
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as up-to-date. The easy way to check if the version you have is the latest is
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from the size/date.
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</P>
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<P>
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As of V96-001, the EDICT file no longer contains proper names. These have
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been moved to a separate file called "ENAMDICT".
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From V99-002, the EDICT file has been generated from an extended dictionary
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database which includes additional fields and information. See the later
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section on the new JMdict project for details of this.
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</P>
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<P>
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<b><a name="IREF02">FORMAT</a></b>
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</P>
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<P>
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EDICT's format is that of the original "EDICT" format used by the early
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PC Japanese word-processor MOKE (Mark's Own Kanji Editor).
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It uses EUC-JP coding for kana and kanji, however this can be converted to
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JIS (ISO-2022-JP) or Shift-JIS
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by any of the several conversion programs around. It is a text file with one
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entry per line. The format of entries is:
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</P>
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<P>
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</P>
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<PRE>
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KANJI [KANA] /English_1/English_2/.../
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</PRE>
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<P>
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or
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</P>
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<P>
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</P>
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<PRE>
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KANA /English_1/.../
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</PRE>
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<P>
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(NB: Only the KANJI and KANA are in EUC; all the other characters, including
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spaces, must be ASCII.)
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</P>
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<P>
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The English translations are deliberately brief, as the application of the
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dictionary is expected to be primarily on-line look-ups, etc.
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</P>
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<P>
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The EDICT file is not intended to have its entries in any particular order.
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In fact it almost always is in order as a by-product of the update method I
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use, however there is no guarantee of this. (The order is almost always JIS
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+ alphabetical, starting with the head-word.)
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</P>
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<P>
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<b><a name="IREF03">EDICT HISTORY</a></b>
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</P>
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<P>
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EDICT has developed as follows:
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</P>
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<OL type="a">
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<LI>
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it began with the basic EDICT distributed with MOKE 2.0. This was compiled by MOKE's
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author, Mark Edwards, with assistance from Spencer Green. Mark
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kindly released this material to the EDICT project. A number of corrections
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were made to the MOKE original, e.g. spelling mistakes, minor
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mistranslations, etc. It also had a lot of duplications, which have been
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removed. It contained about 1900 unique entries. Mark Edwards has also
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kindly given permission for the vocabulary files developed for KG (Kanji
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Guess) to be added to EDICT.
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</LI>
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<LI>
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additions by Jim Breen. I laboriously keyed in a ~2000 entry dictionary
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used in my first year nihongo course at Swinburne Institute of Technology
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years ago (I was given permission by the authors to do this). I then worked
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through other vocabulary lists trying to make sure major entries were not
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omitted. The English-to-kana entries in the SKK files were added also. This
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task is continuing, although it has slowed down, and I suspect I will run out
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of energy eventually. Apart from that, I have made a large number of
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additions during normal reading of Japanese text and fj.* news using JREADER
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and XJDIC. (As of November 2001 I am still adding entries.)
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<P>
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</P>
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</LI>
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<LI>
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additions by others. Many people have contributed entries and
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corrections to EDICT. I am forever on the lookout for sources of material,
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provided it is genuinely available for use in the Project. I am
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grateful to Theresa Martin who an early supplier a lot of useful material,
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plus very perceptive corrections. Hidekazu Tozaki has also been a great help
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with tidying up a lot of awry entries, and helping me identify obscure kanji
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compounds. Kurt Stueber has been an assiduous keyer of many useful entries.
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A large group of contributions came from Sony, where Rik Smoody had put
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together a large online dictionary. Another batch came from the
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Japanese-German JDDICT file in similar format that Helmut Goldenstein keyed
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(with permission) from the Langenscheidt edited by Hadamitzky. Harold Rowe
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was great help with much of the translation. During 1994, Dr Yo Tomita, then
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at the University of Leeds, conducted a massive proof-reading of the entire
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file, for which I am most grateful. Jeffrey Friedl at Omron in Kyoto has also
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been a most helpful contributor and error-detector. During 1995, I have been
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keeping an eye on the "honyaku" mailing list, wherein Japanese-English
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translators discuss thorny issues. From this I have derived many new entries,
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and many updates to existing entries. To the many honyakujin, my thanks.
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</LI>
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</OL>
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A reasonably full list of contributors is at the back of this file,
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although I am sure to have missed a few.
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<P>
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At this stage EDICT has many more entries than many good commercial dictionaries,
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which typically have 20,000+ non-name entries with examples, etc. It is
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certainly bigger than some of the smaller printed dictionaries, and when used
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in conjunction with a search-and-display program like JDIC or XJDIC it
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provides a highly effective on-line dictionary service.
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</P>
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<P>
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<b><a name="IREF04">COPYRIGHT ISSUES</a></b>
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</P>
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<P>
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Dictionary copyright is a difficult point, because clearly the first
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lexicographer who published "inu means dog" could not claim a copyright
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violation over all subsequent Japanese dictionaries. While it is usual to
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consult other dictionaries for "accurate lexicographic information", as
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Nelson put it, wholesale copying is, of course, not permissible. What makes
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each dictionary unique (and copyrightable) is the particular selection of
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words, the phrasing of the meanings, the presentation of the contents (a very
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important point in the case of EDICT), and the means of publication. Of
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course, the fact that for the most part the kanji and kana of each entry are
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coming from public sources, and the structure and tqlayout of the entries
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themselves are quite unlike those in any published dictionary, adds a degree
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of protection to EDICT.
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</P>
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<P>
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The advice I have received from people who know about these things is that
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EDICT is just as much a new dictionary as any others on the market. Readers
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may see an entry which looks familiar, and say "Aha! That comes from the XYZ
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Jiten!". They may be right, and they may be wrong. After all there aren't
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too many translations of neko. Let me make one thing quite clear, despite
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considerable temptation (Electronic Books can be easily decoded), NONE of
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this dictionary came from commercial machine-readable dictionaries. I have a
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case of RSI in my right elbow to prove it.
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</P>
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<P>
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Please do not contribute entries to EDICT which have come directly from
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copyrightable sources. It is hard to check these, and you may be
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jeopardizing EDICT's status.
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</P>
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<P>
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<b><a name="IREF05">LEXICOGRAPHICAL DETAILS</a></b>
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</P>
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<P>
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<B>Introduction</B>
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</P>
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<P>
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EDICT is actually a Japanese->English dictionary, although the words within
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it can be selected in either language using appropriate software. (JDIC uses
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it to provide both E->J and J->E functionality.)
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</P>
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<P>
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The early stages of EDICT had size limitations due to its usage (MOKE scans
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it sequentially and JDXGEN, which is JDIC's index generator, held it in RAM.)
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This meant that examples of usage could not be included, and inclusion of
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phrases was very limited. JDIC/JDXGEN can now handle a much larger
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dictionary, but the compact format has continued.
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</P>
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<P>
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No inflections of verbs or adjectives have been included, except in idiomatic
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expressions. Similarly particles are handled as separate entries. Adverbs
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formed from adjectives (-ku or ni) are generally not included. Verbs are, of
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course, in the plain or "dictionary" form.
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</P>
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<P>
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<B>Priority Entries</B>
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</P>
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<P>
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Starting with the 2001 editions, approximately 20,000 entries comprising the most commonly-used words in Japanese are marked
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with a "(P)" at the end of the entry. This list has been identified by
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examining several small
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dictionaries, and lists of common gairaigo from Japanese newspapers.
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</P>
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<P>
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<B>Parts of Speech</B>
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</P>
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<P>
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In working on EDICT, bearing in mind I want to use it in MOKE and with JDIC,
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I had to come up with a solution to the problem of adjectival nouns
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[keiyoudoushi] (e.g. kirei and kantan), nouns which can be used adjectivally
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with the particle "no" and verbs formed by adding suru (e.g. benkyousuru).
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If I put entries in EDICT with the "na" and "suru" included, MOKE would not
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find a match when they are omitted or, the case of suru, inflected. What I
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decided to do is to put the basic noun into the dictionary and add
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"(vs)" where it can be used to form a verb with suru, "(a-no)" for common
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"no" usage, and "(an)" if it is an adjectival noun. Entries appeared as:
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</P>
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<P>
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</P>
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<PRE>
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KANJI [benkyou] /study (vs)/
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KANJI [kantan] /simple (an)/
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</PRE>
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<P>
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In early 2001, as part of the JMdict project (see below), I completely revised
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this system, instead introducing a comprehensive system of Part of Speech
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(POS) tags. In the EDICT version of the file these tags usually appear in
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parentheses
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at the start of the entry, separated into general tags and POS tags. Where
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a tag applies to a single gloss or meaning, it will be included there instead.
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</P>
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<P>
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The (hopefully) full list of such markers is:
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</P>
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<P>
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</P>
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<PRE>
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abbr abbreviation
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adj adjective (keiyoushi)
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adv adverb (fukushi)
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adv-n adverbial noun
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adj-na adjectival nouns or quasi-adjectives (keiyodoshi)
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adj-no nouns which may take the genitive case particle "no"
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adj-pn pre-noun adjectival (rentaishi)
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adj-s special adjective (e.g. ookii)
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adj-t "taru" adjective
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arch archaism
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ateji ateji reading of the kanji
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aux auxiliary word or phrase
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aux-v auxiliary verb
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conj conjunction
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col colloquialism
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exp Expressions (phrases, clauses, etc.)
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ek exclusively kanji, rarely just in kana
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fam familiar language
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fem female term or language
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gikun gikun (meaning) reading
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gram grammatical term
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hon honorific or respectful (sonkeigo) language
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hum humble (kenjougo) language
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id idiomatic expression
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int interjection (kandoushi)
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iK word containing irregular kanji usage
|
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|
ik word containing irregular kana usage
|
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|
io irregular okurigana usage
|
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|
MA martial arts term
|
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|
male male term or language
|
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m-sl manga slang
|
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n noun (common) (futsuumeishi)
|
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n-adv adverbial noun (fukushitekimeishi)
|
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n-t noun (temporal) (jisoumeishi)
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n-suf noun, used as a suffix
|
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n-pref noun, used as a prefix
|
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neg negative (in a negative sentence, or with negative verb)
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neg-v negative verb (when used with)
|
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num number, numeric
|
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obs obsolete term
|
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obsc obscure term
|
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|
oK word containing out-dated kanji
|
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|
ok out-dated or obsolete kana usage
|
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|
pol polite (teineigo) language
|
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pref prefix
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prt particle
|
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qv quod vide (see another entry)
|
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sl slang
|
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|
suf suffix
|
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|
|
uK word usually written using kanji alone
|
|
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|
|
uk word usually written using kana alone
|
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|
|
v1 Ichidan verb
|
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|
v5 Godan verb (not completely classified)
|
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|
v5u Godan verb with `u' ending
|
|
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|
|
v5u-s Godan verb with `u' ending - special class
|
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v5k Godan verb with `ku' ending
|
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|
v5g Godan verb with `gu' ending
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|
v5s Godan verb with `su' ending
|
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v5t Godan verb with `tsu' ending
|
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|
v5n Godan verb with `nu' ending
|
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v5b Godan verb with `bu' ending
|
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v5m Godan verb with `mu' ending
|
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|
|
v5r Godan verb with `ru' ending
|
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|
|
v5k-s Godan verb - Iku/Yuku special class
|
|
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|
|
v5z Godan verb - -zuru special class (alternative form of -jiru verbs)
|
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|
|
v5aru Godan verb - -aru special class
|
|
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|
|
v5uru Godan verb - Uru old class verb (old form of Eru)
|
|
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|
|
vi intransitive verb
|
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|
|
vs noun or participle which takes the aux. verb suru
|
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|
|
vs-i suru verb - irregular
|
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|
|
vs-s suru verb - special class
|
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|
|
vk Kuru verb - special class
|
|
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|
|
vt transitive verb
|
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|
|
vulg vulgar expression or word
|
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|
|
X rude or X-rated term (not displayed in educational software)
|
|
|
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
<B>Multiple Senses</B>
|
|
|
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
From the 2001 editions of EDICT, the differing senses associated with
|
|
|
|
|
the Japanese head-words are being progessively marked. The marking takes the
|
|
|
|
|
form of a "(1)", "(2)", etc. in front of the senses.
|
|
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|
|
</P>
|
|
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|
|
<P>
|
|
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|
|
<B>Spellings</B>
|
|
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|
</P>
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
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|
|
I have endeavoured to cater for many possible variants of English translation
|
|
|
|
|
and spelling. Where appropriate different translations are included for
|
|
|
|
|
national variants (e.g. autumn/fall). I use Oxford (British) standard
|
|
|
|
|
spelling (-our, -ize) for the entries I make, but I leave other entries in
|
|
|
|
|
the national spelling of the submitter.
|
|
|
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
At some stage in the future I intend to regularize the English spellings in such
|
|
|
|
|
a way that allows searches on either British or American spellings
|
|
|
|
|
to be successful.
|
|
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|
|
</P>
|
|
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|
|
<P>
|
|
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|
|
<B>Gairaigo and Regional Words</B>
|
|
|
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
For gairaigo which have not been derived from English words, I have attempted
|
|
|
|
|
to indicate the source language and the word in that language. Languages have
|
|
|
|
|
been coded in the two-letter codes from the ISO 639:1988 "Code for the
|
|
|
|
|
representation of names of languages" standard, e.g. "(fr: avec)". See
|
|
|
|
|
Appendix C for more on this. (Thanks to Holger Gruber for suggesting this
|
|
|
|
|
language coding.)
|
|
|
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
In addition to the language codes described in Appendix C, a number of tags
|
|
|
|
|
are used to indicate that a word or phrase is associated with a particular
|
|
|
|
|
regional language variant within Japan. The tags are:
|
|
|
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
|
|
|
kyb Kyoto-ben
|
|
|
|
|
osb Osaka-ben
|
|
|
|
|
ksb Kansai-ben
|
|
|
|
|
ktb Kantou-ben
|
|
|
|
|
tsb Tosa-ben
|
|
|
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
In the case of gairaigo which have a meaning which is not aptqparent from the
|
|
|
|
|
original (English) words, the literal transcription is included, with
|
|
|
|
|
the tag (lit).
|
|
|
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
<b><a name="IREF06">NEW JMDICT PROJECT</a></b>
|
|
|
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
Early in 1999 work began on the JMdict project, which aims to extend the
|
|
|
|
|
structure and content of the EDICT file to enable it to contain
|
|
|
|
|
additional information and provided an improved service to users.
|
|
|
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
The project has several broad goals:
|
|
|
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
|
<OL type="a">
|
|
|
|
|
<LI>to convert the EDICT file to a new dictionary structure which overcomes
|
|
|
|
|
the deficiencies in the current structure. With regard to this goal, the
|
|
|
|
|
particular structural and content aspects to be addressed include, but
|
|
|
|
|
are not limited to:
|
|
|
|
|
<OL type="i">
|
|
|
|
|
<LI>the handling of orthographical variation (e.g. in kanji
|
|
|
|
|
usage, okurigana usage, readings) within the single entry;
|
|
|
|
|
</LI>
|
|
|
|
|
<LI>additional and more appropriately associated tagging of
|
|
|
|
|
grammatical and other information;
|
|
|
|
|
</LI>
|
|
|
|
|
<LI>provision for separation of different senses (polysemy) in
|
|
|
|
|
the translations;
|
|
|
|
|
</LI>
|
|
|
|
|
<LI>provision for the inclusion of translational equivalents
|
|
|
|
|
from several languages;
|
|
|
|
|
</LI>
|
|
|
|
|
<LI>provision for inclusion of examples of the usage of words;
|
|
|
|
|
</LI>
|
|
|
|
|
<LI>provision for cross-references to related entries.
|
|
|
|
|
</LI>
|
|
|
|
|
</OL>
|
|
|
|
|
</LI>
|
|
|
|
|
<LI>to publish the dictionary in a standard format which is accessible
|
|
|
|
|
by a wide range of software tools; [It is proposed that this goal be
|
|
|
|
|
addressed by developing the structure so that it can be released as
|
|
|
|
|
an XML document, with an associated XML DTD.
|
|
|
|
|
</LI>
|
|
|
|
|
<LI>to retain backward compatibility with the original EDICT structure in
|
|
|
|
|
order to enable legacy software systems to use later versions of the
|
|
|
|
|
EDICT files.
|
|
|
|
|
</LI>
|
|
|
|
|
</OL>
|
|
|
|
|
For more information on the JMdict project, please see the documentation
|
|
|
|
|
files.
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
By May 1999 the EDICT file had been converted into the new format. A major
|
|
|
|
|
part of this consisted of identifying and combining entries which were
|
|
|
|
|
effectively variants of each other.
|
|
|
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
Since V99-002, the EDICT file has been generated from the new format.
|
|
|
|
|
This has meant:
|
|
|
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
|
<OL type="a">
|
|
|
|
|
<LI>a marginal increase in the number of entries, as there is an increased
|
|
|
|
|
number of variants;
|
|
|
|
|
</LI>
|
|
|
|
|
<LI>the English fields of the variant entries are now exactly the same,
|
|
|
|
|
as they have generated from the single expanded entry;
|
|
|
|
|
</LI>
|
|
|
|
|
<LI>the tags such as (vs), (an), etc. now appear before the first word
|
|
|
|
|
of the English fields.
|
|
|
|
|
</LI>
|
|
|
|
|
</OL>
|
|
|
|
|
<b><a name="IREF07">USAGE</a></b>
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
EDICT can be freely used provided satisfactory acknowledgement is made,
|
|
|
|
|
and a number of other conditions are met.
|
|
|
|
|
Consult the Licence Statement information at Appendix A.
|
|
|
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
It is, of course, the main dictionary used by PD and GPL Copyright software
|
|
|
|
|
such as JDIC, JREADER, XJDIC, MacJDic, etc. It can be used as the
|
|
|
|
|
dictionary within MOKE (it may need to be renamed JTOE.DCT if used with
|
|
|
|
|
version 2.1 of MOKE), and it is also used by the NJSTAR and JWP Word
|
|
|
|
|
Processor packages.
|
|
|
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
<b><a name="IREF08">CONTRIBUTIONS</a></b>
|
|
|
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
I will be delighted if people send me corrections, suggestions, and ESPECIALLY
|
|
|
|
|
additions. Before ripping in with a lot of suggestions, make sure you have the
|
|
|
|
|
latest version, as others may have already made the same comments.
|
|
|
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
The preferred format for submissions is a JIS, EUC or Shift-JIS file (uuencoded
|
|
|
|
|
for safety) containing replacement/new entries. This can be emailed to me at
|
|
|
|
|
the address at the end of this file.
|
|
|
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
Feel free to use the following format:
|
|
|
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
|
|
|
NEW: KANJI1 [kana1] /new entry #1/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
NEW: KANJI2 [kana2] /new entry #2/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
old: KANJI3 [kana3] /old entry to be replaced/
|
|
|
|
|
new: KANJI3 [kana3] /replacement entry/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
DEL: KANJI4 [kana4] /entry to be deleted/
|
|
|
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
Please provide an annotated reason for any deletions or amendments you send.
|
|
|
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
I prefer not to get a "diff" or "patch" file as the master EDICT is under
|
|
|
|
|
continuous revision, and may have had quite a few changes since you got your
|
|
|
|
|
copy.
|
|
|
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
Users intending to make submissions to EDICT should follow the following
|
|
|
|
|
simple rules:
|
|
|
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
|
<UL>
|
|
|
|
|
<LI>all verbs in plain form. The English must begin with "to ....". Add the
|
|
|
|
|
verb type in some prominent place.
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
|
</LI>
|
|
|
|
|
<LI>add (adj-na) or (adj-no) or (vs) as appropriate to nouns. Do not put the "na" or
|
|
|
|
|
"no" particles on the Japanese, or the "suru" auxiliary verb. For entries
|
|
|
|
|
which have (vs), do not enter them as verb infinitives (e.g. "to cook"),
|
|
|
|
|
instead enter them as gerunds/participles/whatever (e.g. cooking (vs)).
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
|
</LI>
|
|
|
|
|
<LI>indicate prefixes and suffixes by "(pref)" and "(suf)" in the first English
|
|
|
|
|
entry, not by using "-" in the kanji or kana.
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
|
</LI>
|
|
|
|
|
<LI>do not add definite or indefinite articles (e.g. "a", "an", "the", etc) to
|
|
|
|
|
English nouns unless they are necessary to distinguish the word from
|
|
|
|
|
another usage type or homonym.
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
|
</LI>
|
|
|
|
|
<LI>do not guess the kanji or the reading. If you don't know them, don't
|
|
|
|
|
send it to me. I will check all incoming suggestions, and I get grumpy
|
|
|
|
|
when I find sloppy errors. One of the most persistent problems in editing
|
|
|
|
|
EDICT is finding and eliminating incorrect kanji and kana.
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
|
</LI>
|
|
|
|
|
<LI>do not use the "/", "[" or "]" characters except in their separating roles.
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
|
</LI>
|
|
|
|
|
<LI>if you are using a reference in romaji form, make sure you have the correct
|
|
|
|
|
kana for "too/tou" and "zu", where the Hepburn romaji is often ambiguous.
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
|
</LI>
|
|
|
|
|
<LI>do not use kana or kanji in the "English" fields. Where it is necessary to
|
|
|
|
|
use a Japanese word, e.g. kanto, use Hepburn romaji.
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
|
</LI>
|
|
|
|
|
<LI>make sure your kana is correct. A persistent problem is the submission of
|
|
|
|
|
words like "honyaku" as ho+nya+ku instead of the correct ho+n+ya+ku.
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
|
</LI>
|
|
|
|
|
<LI>do not include words formed by common Japanese suffixes, such as "-teki",
|
|
|
|
|
unless they cannot be deduced from the root.
|
|
|
|
|
</LI>
|
|
|
|
|
</UL>
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
<b><a name="IREF09">ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS</a></b>
|
|
|
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
The following people, in roughly chronological order, have played a part in
|
|
|
|
|
the development of EDICT. (I stopped adding to this list some years ago, so
|
|
|
|
|
it is of historical interest now.)
|
|
|
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
Mark Edwards, Spencer Green, Alina Skoutarides, Takako Machida, Theresa
|
|
|
|
|
Martin, Satoshi Tadokoro, Stephen Chung, Hidekazu Tozaki, Clifford Olling,
|
|
|
|
|
David Cooper, Ken Lunde, Joel Schulman, Hiroto Kagotani, Truett Smith, Mike
|
|
|
|
|
Rosenlof, Harold Rowe, Al Harkom, Per Hammarlund, Atsushi Fukumoto, John
|
|
|
|
|
Crossley, Bob Kerns, Frank O'Carroll, Rik Smoody, Scott Trent, Curtis
|
|
|
|
|
Eubanks, Jamie Packer, Hitoshi Doi, Thalawyn Silverwood, Makato Shimojima,
|
|
|
|
|
Bart Mathias, Koichi Mori, Steven Sprouse, Jeffrey Friedl, Yazuru Hiraga, Kurt
|
|
|
|
|
Stueber, Rafael Santos, Bruce Casner, Masato Toho, Carolyn Norton, Simon
|
|
|
|
|
Clippingdale, Shiino Masayoshi, Susumu Miki, Yushi Kaneda, Masahiko
|
|
|
|
|
Tachibana, Naoki Shibata, Yuzuru Hiraga, Yasuaki Nakano, Atsu Yagasaki,
|
|
|
|
|
Hitoshi Oi, Chizuko Kanazawa, Lars Huttar, Jonathan Hanna, Yoshimasa Tsuji,
|
|
|
|
|
Masatsugu Mamimura, Keiichi Nakata, Masako Nomura, Hiroshi Kamabe, Shi-Wen
|
|
|
|
|
Peng, Norihiro Okada, Jun-ichi Nakamura, Yoshiyuki Mizuno, Minoru Terada,
|
|
|
|
|
Itaru Ichikawa, Toru Matsuda, Katsumi Inoue, John Finlayson, David Luke, Iain
|
|
|
|
|
Sinclair, Warwick Hockley, Jamii Corley, Howard Landman, Tom Bryce, Jim
|
|
|
|
|
Thomas, Paul Burchard, Kenji Saito, Ken Eto, Niibe Yutaka, Hideyuki Ozaki,
|
|
|
|
|
Kouichi Suzuki, Sakaguchi Takeyuki, Haruo Furuhashi, Takashi Hattori,
|
|
|
|
|
Yoshiyuki Kondo, Kusakabe Youichi, Nobuo Sakiyama, Kouhei Matsuda, Toru Sato,
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Takayuki Ito, Masayuki Tokoshima, Kiyo Inaba, Dan Cohn, Yo Tomita, Ed Hall,
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Takashi Imamura, Bernard Greenberg, Michael Raine, Akiko Nagase, Ben Bullock,
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Scott Draves, Matthew Haines, Andy Howells, Takayuki Ito, Anders Brabaek,
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Michael Chachich, Masaki Muranaka, Paul Randolph, Vesa Karhu, Bruce Bailey,
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Gal Shalif, Riichiro Saito, Keith Rogers, Steve Petersen, Bill Smith, Barry
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Byrne, Satoshi Kuramoto, Jason Molenda, Travis Stewart, Yuichiro Kushiro
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Keiko Okushi, Wayne Lammers, Koichi Fujino, Joerg Fischer, Satoru Miyazaki,
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Gaspard Gendreau, David Olson, Peter Evans, Steven Zaveloff, Larry Tyrrell,
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Heinz Clemencon, Justin Mayer, David Jones, Holger Gruber, David Wilson,
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John De Hoog, Stephen Davis, Dan Crevier, Ron Granich, Bruce Raup, Scott
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Childress, Richard Warmington, Jean-Jacques Labarthe, Matt Bloedel, Szabolcs
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Varga, Alan Bram, Hidetaka Koie, David Villareale, Hirokazu Ohata, Toshiki
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Sasabe, William Maton, Tom Salmon, Kian Yap, Paul Denisowski, Glen Pankow,
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Richard Northcott, Roger Meunier, Petteri Kettunen, Jeff Korpa, Kanji
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Haitani, Liam O'Brien, Serdar Yegulalp, Jonathan Way, Gururaj Rao, Yoichiro
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Niitsu, Ralph Seewald, Andreas Jordell, Chua Hian Koon, Hartmut Pilch,
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Shouichi Takeuchi, Ayumu Yasutomi, Mike Wright, James Rose, Nich Hill.
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</P>
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<P>
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Jim Breen
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<BR>
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j<!-- blah -->wb@cs<!-- blah2 -->se.mon<!-- blah3 -->ash.edu.au
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<BR>
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School of Computer Science & Software Engineering
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<BR>
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Monash University
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<BR>
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Clayton 3168
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<BR>
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AUSTRALIA
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<hr>
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<b><a name="IREF10">APPENDIX A: EDICT LICENCE STATEMENT</a></b>
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</P>
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<P>
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|
In March 2000, James William Breen assigned ownership of the copyright
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|
|
of the dictionary files assembled, coordinated and edited by him to the
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The Electronic Dictionary Research and Development Group at Monash
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University.
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</P>
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<P>
|
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|
EDICT can be freely used provided satisfactory acknowledgement is made,
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|
|
and a number of other conditions are met.
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|
|
Information about the licence and copyright for EDICT can be found on
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|
|
the Group's WWW page at: http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/groups/edrdg/
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</P>
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<P>
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In summary, EDICT can be freely used with acknowledgement.
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|
</P>
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|
<P>
|
|
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|
|
<hr>
|
|
|
|
|
<b><a name="IREF11">APPENDIX B. LANGUAGE CODES FROM ISO 639</a></b>
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</P>
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|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
The following language codes have been used with non-English derived
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|
|
|
|
gairaigo. They have been derived from the ISO 639:1988 "Code for the
|
|
|
|
|
representation of names of languages" standard.
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|
</P>
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<P>
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</P>
|
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<PRE>
|
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|
|
ar Arabic
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zh Chinese (Zhongwen)
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de German (Deutsch)
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en English
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fr French
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el Greek (Ellinika)
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iw Hebrew (Iwrith)
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ja Japanese
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ko Korean
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nl Dutch (Nederlands)
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no Norwegian
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pl Polish
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ru Russian
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sv Swedish
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bo Tibetan (Bodskad)
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eo Esperanto
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es Spanish
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in Indonesian
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it Italian
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lt Latin
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|
pt Portugese
|
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hi Hindi
|
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|
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ur Urdu
|
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|
|
mn Mongolian
|
|
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|
|
kl Inuit (formerly Eskimo)
|
|
|
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
And I have added the following, which are not in the Standard:
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</P>
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<P>
|
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</P>
|
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<PRE>
|
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|
ai Ainu
|
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</PRE>
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