All languages have verbs. Latin verbs are divided into four categories, called conjugations. These conjugations are divisions of verbs that, generally, use the same stem formation and have the same endings. The stem of a verb is the basic part of the verb that does not change. For example, the stem of moneo is mone. To get the stem of the verb, take the first person singular of the verb, and take off the -o ending. The verb sum (I am) is totally irregular, and does not have a consistent stem. TENSE 1st 2nd 3rd 4th SUM - I PRESENT am-o mone-o reg-o audi-o sum ama-s mone-s regi-s audi-s es I love, am loving ama-t mone-t regi-t audi-t est ama-mus mone-mus regi-mus audi-mus sumus ama-tis mone-tis regi-tis audi-tis estis ama-nt mone-nt regu-nt audi-unt sunt FUTURE ama-bo mone-bo reg-am audi-am ero ama-bis mone-bis reg-es audi-es eris I will love ama-bit mone-bit reg-et audi-et erit ama-bimus mone-bimus reg-emus audi-emus erimus ama-bitis mone-bitis reg-etis audi-etis eritis ama-bunt mone-bunt reg-ent audi-ent erunt IMPERFECT ama-bam mone-bam rege-bam audi-bam eram ama-bas mone-bas rege-bas audi-bas eras I was loving ama-bat mone-bat rege-bat audi-bat erat I used to love ama-bamus mone-bamus rege-bamus audi-bamus eramus I began to love ama-batis mone-batis rege-batis audi-batis eratis ama-bant mone-bant rege-bant audi-bant erant PERFECT amav-i monu-i rex-i audiv-i fu-i amav-isti monu-isti rex-isti audiv-isti fu-isti I have loved amav-it monu-it rex-it audiv-it fu-it amav-imus monu-imus rex-imus audiv-imus fu-imus amav-istis monu-istis rex-istis audiv-istis fu-istis amav-erunt monu-erunt rex-erunt audiv-erunt fu-erunt FUTURE PERFECT amav-ero monu-ero rex-ero audiv-ero fu-ero amav-eris monu-eris rex-eris audiv-eris fu-eris I will have loved amav-erit monu-erit rex-erit audiv-erit fu-erit amav-erimus monu-erimus rex-erimus audiv-erimus fu-erimus amav-eritis monu-eritis rex-eritis audiv-eritis fu-eritis amav-erint monu-erint rex-erint audiv-erint fu-erint PLUPERFECT amav-eram monu-eram rex-eram audiv-eram fu-eram amav-eras monu-eras rex-eras audiv-eras fu-eras I had loved amav-erat monu-erat rex-erat audiv-erat fu-erat amav-eramus monu-eramus rex-eramus audiv-eramus fu-eramus amav-eratis monu-eratis rex-eratis audiv-eratis fu-eratis amav-erant monu-erant rex-erant audiv-erant fu-erant TENSE 1st 2nd 3rd 4th SUM - I PRESENT ame-m monea-m rega-m audi-o sim ame-s monea-s rega-s audi-s sis ame-t monea-t rega-t audi-t sit ame-mus monea-mus rega-mus audi-mus simus ame-tis monea-tis rega-tis audi-tis sitis ame-nt monea-nt rega-nt audi-unt sint IMPERFECT ama-rem mone-rem rege-rem audi-rem essem ama-res mone-res rege-res audi-res esset ama-ret mone-ret rege-ret audi-ret esset ama-remus mone-remus rege-remus audi-remus essemus ama-retis mone-retis rege-retis audi-retis essetis ama-rent mone-rent rege-rent audi-rent essent PERFECT amav-erim monu-erim rex-erim audiv-erim fu-erim amav-eris monu-eris rex-eris audiv-eris fu-eris amav-erit monu-erit rex-erit audiv-erit fu-erit amav-erimus monu-erimus rex-erimus audiv-erimus fu-erimus amav-eritis monu-eritis rex-eritis audiv-eritis fu-eritis amav-erint monu-erint rex-erint audiv-erint fu-erint PLUPERFECT amav-issem monu-issem rex-issem audiv-issem fu-issem amav-isses monu-isses rex-isses audiv-isses fu-isses amav-isset monu-isset rex-isset audiv-isset fu-isset amav-issemus monu-issemus rex-issemus audiv-issemus fu-issemus amav-issetis monu-issetis rex-issetis audiv-issetis fu-issetis amav-issent monu-issent rex-issent audiv-issent fu-issent TENSE 1st 2nd 3rd 4th SUM - I PRESENT am-a mon-e reg-e aud-i es am-ate mon-ete reg-ite aud-ite este FUTURE am-ato mon-eto reg-ito aud-ito esto am-ato mon-eto reg-ito aud-ito esto am-atote mon-etote reg-itote aud-itote estote am-anto mon-ento reg-unto aud-iunto sunto 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Accusative (ad) am-andum (ad) mon-endum (ad) reg-endum (ad) aud-iendum Genitive am-andi mon-endi reg-endi aud-iendi Dative am-ando mon-endo reg-endo aud-iendo Ablative am-ando mon-endo reg-endo aud-iendo TENSE 1st 2nd 3rd 4th SUM - I PRESENT am-are mon-ere reg-ere aud-ire esse PERFECT amav-isse monu-isse rex-isse audiv-isse fu-isse TENSE 1st 2nd 3rd 4th SUM - I PRESENT am-ans,-antis mon-ens,-entis reg-ens,-entis aud-iens,-ientis FUTURE amat-urus,-a,-um monit-urus,-a,-um rect-urus,-a,-um audit-urus,-a,-um futurus,-a,-um TENSE 1st 2nd 3rd 4th PRESENT am-or mone-or reg-or audi-or ama-ris mone-ris reg-eris audi-eris I am loved ama-tur mone-tur regi-tur audi-tur ama-mur mone-mur regi-mur audi-mur ama-mini mone-mini regi-mini audi-mini ama-ntur mone-ntur regu-ntur audiu-unt FUTURE ama-bor mone-bor reg-ar audi-ar ama-beris mone-beris reg-eris audi-eris I will be loved ama-bitur mone-bitur reg-etur audi-etur ama-bimur mone-bimur reg-emur audi-emur ama-bimini mone-bimini reg-emini audi-emini ama-buntur mone-buntur reg-entur audi-entur IMPERFECT ama-bar mone-bar rege-bar audie-bar ama-baris mone-baris rege-baris audie-baris I was loved ama-batur mone-batur rege-batur audie-batur ama-bamur mone-bamur rege-bamur audie-bamur ama-bamini mone-bamini rege-bamini audie-bamini ama-bantur mone-bantur rege-bantur audie-bantur PERFECT amatus sum monitus sum rectus sum auditus sum amatus es monitus es rectus es auditus es I have been loved amatus est monitus est rectus est auditus est amati sumus moniti sumus recti sumus auditi sumus amati estis moniti estis recti estis auditi estis amati sunt moniti sunt recti sunt auditi sunt FUTURE PERFECT amatus ero monitus ero rectus ero auditus ero amatus eris monitus eris rectus eris auditus eris I will have been loved amatus erit monitus erit rectus erit auditus erit amati erimus moniti erimus recti erimus auditi erimus amati eritis moniti eritis recti eritis auditi eritis amati erunt moniti erunt recti erunt auditi erunt PLUPERFECT amatus eram monitus eram rectus eram auditus eram amatus eras monitus eras rectus eras auditus eras I had been loved amatus erat monitus erat rectus erat auditus erat amati eramus moniti eramus recti eramus auditi eramus amati eratis moniti eratis recti eratis auditi eratis amati erant moniti erant recti erant auditi erant 1st 2nd 3rd 4th am-andus,-a,-um mon-endus,-a,-um reg-endus,-a,-um aud-iendus,-a,-um TENSE 1st 2nd 3rd 4th PRESENT am-ari mon-eri reg-i aud-iri PERFECT amat-um,-am,-um esse monit-um,-am,-um esse rect-um,-am,-um esse audit-um,-am,-um esse amat-os,-as,-a esse monit-os,-as,-a esse rect-os,-as,-a esse audit-os,-as,-a esse FUTURE amat-um iri monit-um iri rect-um iri audit-um iri