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/*!
\page shclass.html

\title Shared Classes

\keyword reference counting
\keyword implicit sharing
\keyword explicit sharing
\keyword implicitly shared
\keyword explicitly shared
\keyword explicit sharing
\keyword shared implicitly
\keyword shared explicitly

Many C++ classes in TQt use \e explicit and \e implicit data sharing
to maximize resource usage and minimize copying of data.

\tableofcontents

\section1 Overview

A shared class consists of a pointer to a shared data block that
contains a reference count and the data.

When a shared object is created, it sets the reference count to 1. The
reference count is incremented whenever a new object references the
shared data, and decremented when the object dereferences the shared
data. The shared data is deleted when the reference count becomes
zero.

\keyword deep copy
\keyword shallow copy

When dealing with shared objects, there are two ways of copying an
object. We usually speak about \e deep and \e shallow copies. A deep
copy implies duplicating an object. A shallow copy is a reference
copy, i.e. just a pointer to a shared data block. Making a deep copy
can be expensive in terms of memory and CPU. Making a shallow copy is
very fast, because it only involves setting a pointer and incrementing
the reference count.

Object assignment (with operator=()) for implicitly and explicitly
shared objects is implemented using shallow copies. A deep copy can be
made by calling a copy() function or by using \l TQDeepCopy.

The benefit of sharing is that a program does not need to duplicate
data unnecessarily, which results in lower memory use and less copying
of data. Objects can easily be assigned, sent as function arguments,
and returned from functions.

Now comes the distinction between \e explicit and \e implicit sharing.
Explicit sharing means that the programmer must be aware of the fact
that objects share common data. Implicit sharing means that the
sharing mechanism takes place behind the scenes and the programmer
does not need to worry about it.

\section1 A TQByteArray Example

TQByteArray is an example of a shared class that uses explicit sharing.
Example:
\code
			  //Line    a=         b=         c=
    TQByteArray a(3),b(2)  // 1:     {?,?,?}    {?,?}
    b[0] = 12; b[1] = 34; // 2:     {?,?,?}    {12,34}
    a = b;                // 3:     {12,34}    {12,34}
    a[1] = 56;            // 4:     {12,56}    {12,56}
    TQByteArray c = a;     // 5:     {12,56}    {12,56}    {12,56}
    a.detach();           // 6:     {12,56}    {12,56}    {12,56}
    a[1] = 78;            // 7:     {12,78}    {12,56}    {12,56}
    b = a.copy();         // 8:     {12,78}    {12,78}    {12,56}
    a[1] = 90;            // 9:     {12,90}    {12,78}    {12,56}
\endcode

The assignment \c {a = b} on line 3 throws away \c a's original shared
block (the reference count becomes zero), sets \c a's shared block to
point to \c b's shared block and increments the reference count.

On line 4, the contents of \c a is modified. \c b is also modified,
because \c a and \c b refer to the same data block. This is the
difference between explicit and implicit sharing (explained below).

The \c a object detaches from the common data on line 6. Detaching
means that the shared data is copied to make sure that an object has
its own private data. Therefore, modifying \c a on line 7 does not
affect \c b or \c c.

Finally, on line 8 we make a deep copy of \c a and assign it to \c b,
so that when \c a is modified on line 9, \c b remains unchanged.


\section1 Explicit vs. Implicit Sharing

Implicit sharing automatically detaches the object from a shared block
if the object is about to change and the reference count is greater
than one. (This is often called "copy-on-write".) Explicit sharing
leaves this job to the programmer. If an explicitly shared object is
not detached, changing an object will change all other objects that
refer to the same data.

Implicit sharing optimizes memory use and copying of data without
this side effect. So why didn't we implement implicit sharing for all
shared classes? The answer is that a class that allows direct access
to its internal data (for efficiency reasons), like TQByteArray, cannot
be implicitly shared, because it can be changed without letting
TQByteArray know.

An implicitly shared class has total control of its internal data. In
any member functions that modify its data, it automatically detaches
before modifying the data.

The TQPen class, which uses implicit sharing, detaches from the shared
data in all member functions that change the internal data.

Code fragment:
\code
    void TQPen::setStyle( PenStyle s )
    {
	detach();        // detach from common data
	data->style = s; // set the style member
    }

    void TQPen::detach()
    {
	if ( data->count != 1 ) // only if >1 reference
	    *this = copy();
    }
\endcode

This is clearly not possible for TQByteArray, because the programmer
can do the following:

\code
    TQByteArray array( 10 );
    array.fill( 'a' );
    array[0] = 'f';        // will modify array
    array.data()[1] = 'i'; // will modify array
\endcode

If we monitor changes in a TQByteArray, the TQByteArray class would
become unacceptably slow.


\section1 Explicitly Shared Classes

All classes that are instances of the TQMemArray template class are
explicitly shared:

\list
\i \l TQBitArray
\i \l TQPointArray
\i \l TQByteArray
\i Any other instantiation of \link TQMemArray TQMemArray\<type\>\endlink
\endlist

These classes have a detach() function that can be called if you want
your object to get a private copy of the shared data. They also have a
copy() function that returns a deep copy with a reference count of 1.

The same is true for \l TQImage, which does not inherit TQMemArray. \l
TQMovie is also explicitly shared, but it does not support detach() or
copy().

\section1 Implicitly Shared Classes

The TQt classes that are implicitly shared are:
\list
\i \l TQBitmap
\i \l TQBrush
\i \l TQCursor
\i \l TQFont
\i \l TQFontInfo
\i \l TQFontMetrics
\i \l TQIconSet
\i \l TQMap
\i \l TQPalette
\i \l TQPen
\i \l TQPicture
\i \l TQPixmap
\i \l TQRegion
\i \l TQRegExp
\i \l TQString
\i \l TQStringList
\i \l TQValueList
\i \l TQValueStack
\endlist

These classes automatically detach from common data if an object is
about to be changed. The programmer will not even notice that the
objects are shared. Thus you should treat separate instances of them
as separate objects. They will always behave as separate objects but
with the added benefit of sharing data whenever possible. For this
reason, you can pass instances of these classes as arguments to
functions by value without concern for the copying overhead.

Example:
\code
    TQPixmap p1, p2;
    p1.load( "image.bmp" );
    p2 = p1;			// p1 and p2 share data
    TQPainter paint;
    paint.begin( &p2 );		// cuts p2 loose from p1
    paint.drawText( 0,50, "Hi" );
    paint.end();
\endcode

In this example, \c p1 and \c p2 share data until TQPainter::begin() is
called for \c p2, because painting a pixmap will modify it. The same
also happens if anything is \link ::bitBlt() bitBlt()\endlink'ed into
\c p2.

\warning Do not copy an implicitly shared container (TQMap,
TQValueVector, etc.) while you are iterating over it.

\section1 TQCString: implicit or explicit?

\l TQCString uses a mixture of implicit and explicit sharing. Functions
inherited from TQByteArray, such as data(), employ explicit sharing, while
those only in TQCString detach automatically. Thus, TQCString is rather an
"experts only" class, provided mainly to ease porting from TQt 1.x to TQt 2.0.
We recommend that you use \l TQString, a purely implicitly shared class.

*/