LibVNCServer: A library for easy implementation of a VNC server. Copyright (C) 2001-2003 Johannes E. Schindelin

If you already used LibVNCServer, you probably want to read NEWS.

What is it?

VNC is a set of programs using the RFB (Remote Frame Buffer) protocol. They are designed to "export" a frame buffer via net (if you don't know VNC, I suggest you read "Basics" below). It is already in wide use for administration, but it is not that easy to program a server yourself.

This has been changed by LibVNCServer.

There are two examples included:

• example, a shared scribble sheet
• pnmshow, a program to show PNMs (pictures) over the net.

The examples are not too well documented, but easy straight forward and a good starting point.

Try example: it outputs on which port it listens (default: 5900), so it is display 0. To view, call vncviewer :0 You should see a sheet with a gradient and "Hello World!" written on it. Try to paint something. Note that every time you click, there is some bigger blot, whereas when you drag the mouse while clicked you draw a line. The size of the blot depends on the mouse button you click. Open a second vncviewer with the same parameters and watch it as you paint in the other window. This also works over internet. You just have to know either the name or the IP of your machine. Then it is vncviewer machine.where.example.runs.com:0 or similar for the remote client. Now you are ready to type something. Be sure that your mouse sits still, because every time the mouse moves, the cursor is reset to the position of the pointer! If you are done with that demo, press the down or up arrows. If your viewer supports it, then the dimensions of the sheet change. Just press Escape in the viewer. Note that the server still runs, even if you closed both windows. When you reconnect now, everything you painted and wrote is still there. You can press "Page Up" for a blank page.

The demo pnmshow is much simpler: you either provide a filename as argument or pipe a file through stdin. Note that the file has to be a raw pnm/ppm file, i.e. a truecolour graphics. Only the Escape key is implemented. This may be the best starting point if you want to learn how to use LibVNCServer. You are confronted with the fact that the bytes per pixel can only be 8, 16 or 32.

If you want to build a VNC client instead, please have a look at the various client examples.

Projects using it

VNC for KDE http://www.tjansen.de/krfb

GemsVNC http://www.elilabs.com/~rj/gemsvnc/

VNC for Netware http://forge.novell.com/modules/xfmod/project/?vncnw

RDesktop http://rdesktop.sourceforge.net

VNCpp https://github.com/ocrespo/VNCpp

VirtualBox https://www.virtualbox.org/

Mail me, if your application is missing!

How to build

LibVNCServer uses CMake, so you can build via:

mkdir build
cd build
cmake ..
cmake --build .

For some more comprehensive examples that include installation of dependencies, see the Unix CI and Windows CI build setups.

Crosscompiling involves some more advanced command line switches but is easily possible as well.

For instance, building for Android (see https://developer.android.com/ndk/guides/cmake.html as a reference):

mkdir build
cd build
cmake .. -DANDROID_NDK=<path> -DCMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE=<path> -DANDROID_NATIVE_API_LEVEL=<API level you want> -DWITH_PNG=OFF # NDK not shipping png per default
cmake --build .

How to use

To make a server, you just have to initialise a server structure using the function rfbDefaultScreenInit, like rfbScreenInfoPtr rfbScreen = rfbGetScreen(argc,argv,width,height,8,3,bpp); where byte per pixel should be 1, 2 or 4. If performance doesn't matter, you may try bpp=3 (internally one cannot use native data types in this case; if you want to use this, look at pnmshow24).

You then can set hooks and io functions (see below) or other options (see below).

And you allocate the frame buffer like this: rfbScreen->frameBuffer = (char*)malloc(widthheightbpp);

After that, you initialize the server, like rfbInitServer(rfbScreen);

You can use a blocking event loop, a background (pthread based) event loop, or implement your own using the rfbProcessEvents function.

Making it interactive

Input is handled by IO functions (see below).

Whenever you change something in the frame buffer, call rfbMarkRectAsModified.

Utility functions

Whenever you draw something, you have to call rfbMarkRectAsModified(screen,x1,y1,x2,y2). This tells LibVNCServer to send updates to all connected clients.

Before you draw something, be sure to call rfbUndrawCursor(screen). This tells LibVNCServer to hide the cursor. Remark: There are vncviewers out there, which know a cursor encoding, so that network traffic is low, and also the cursor doesn't need to be drawn the cursor every time an update is sent. LibVNCServer handles all the details. Just set the cursor and don't bother any more.

To set the mouse coordinates (or emulate mouse clicks), call rfbDefaultPtrAddEvent(buttonMask,x,y,cl); IMPORTANT: do this at the end of your function, because this actually draws the cursor if no cursor encoding is active.

What is the difference between rfbScreenInfoPtr and rfbClientPtr?

The rfbScreenInfoPtr is a pointer to a rfbScreenInfo structure, which holds information about the server, like pixel format, io functions, frame buffer etc.

The rfbClientPtr is a pointer to an rfbClientRec structure, which holds information about a client, like pixel format, socket of the connection, etc.

A server can have several clients, but needn't have any. So, if you have a server and three clients are connected, you have one instance of a rfbScreenInfo and three instances of rfbClientRec's.

The rfbClientRec structure holds a member rfbScreenInfoPtr screen which points to the server and a member rfbClientPtr next to the next client.

The rfbScreenInfo structure holds a member rfbClientPtr rfbClientHead which points to the first client.

So, to access the server from the client structure, you use client->screen. To access all clients from a server, get screen->rfbClientHead and iterate using client->next.

If you change client settings, be sure to use the provided iterator rfbGetClientIterator(rfbScreen) with rfbClientIteratorNext(iterator) and rfbReleaseClientIterator to prevent thread clashes.

Other options

These options have to be set between rfbGetScreen and rfbInitServer.

If you already have a socket to talk to, just set rfbScreen->inetdSock (originally this is for inetd handling, but why not use it for your purpose?).

To also start an HTTP server (running on port 5800+display_number), you have to set rfbScreen->httpdDir to a directory containing vncviewer.jar and index.vnc (like the included "webclients" directory).

Hooks and IO functions

There exist the following IO functions as members of rfbScreen: kbdAddEvent, kbdReleaseAllKeys, ptrAddEvent and setXCutText

kbdAddEvent(rfbBool down,rfbKeySym key,rfbClientPtr cl) is called when a key is pressed. kbdReleaseAllKeys(rfbClientPtr cl) is not called at all (maybe in the future). ptrAddEvent(int buttonMask,int x,int y,rfbClientPtr cl) is called when the mouse moves or a button is pressed. WARNING: if you want to have proper cursor handling, call rfbDefaultPtrAddEvent(buttonMask,x,y,cl) in your own function. This sets the coordinates of the cursor. setXCutText(char* str,int len,rfbClientPtr cl) is called when the selection changes.

There are only two hooks: newClientHook(rfbClientPtr cl) is called when a new client has connected. displayHook is called just before a frame buffer update is sent.

You can also override the following methods: getCursorPtr(rfbClientPtr cl) This could be used to make an animated cursor (if you really want ...) setTranslateFunction(rfbClientPtr cl) If you insist on colour maps or something more obscure, you have to implement this. Default is a trueColour mapping.

Cursor handling

The screen holds a pointer rfbCursorPtr cursor to the current cursor. Whenever you set it, remember that any dynamically created cursor (like return value from rfbMakeXCursor) is not free'd!

The rfbCursor structure consists mainly of a mask and a source. The mask describes, which pixels are drawn for the cursor (a cursor needn't be rectangular). The source describes, which colour those pixels should have.

The standard is an XCursor: a cursor with a foreground and a background colour (stored in backRed,backGreen,backBlue and the same for foreground in a range from 0-0xffff). Therefore, the arrays "mask" and "source" contain pixels as single bits stored in bytes in MSB order. The rows are padded, such that each row begins with a new byte (i.e. a 10x4 cursor's mask has 2x4 bytes, because 2 bytes are needed to hold 10 bits).

It is however very easy to make a cursor like this:

char* cur=" " " xx " " x " " "; char* mask="xxxx" "xxxx" "xxxx" "xxx "; rfbCursorPtr c=rfbMakeXCursor(4,4,cur,mask);

You can even set "mask" to NULL in this call and LibVNCServer will calculate a mask for you (dynamically, so you have to free it yourself).

There is also an array named "richSource" for colourful cursors. They have the same format as the frameBuffer (i.e. if the server is 32 bit, a 10x4 cursor has 4x10x4 bytes).

History

LibVNCServer is based on Tridia VNC and OSXvnc, which in turn are based on the original code from ORL/AT&T.

When I began hacking with computers, my first interest was speed. So, when I got around assembler, I programmed the floppy to do much of the work, because its clock rate was higher than that of my C64. This was my first experience with client/server techniques.

When I came around Xwindows (much later), I was at once intrigued by the elegance of such connectedness between the different computers. I used it a lot - not the least priority lay on games. However, when I tried it over modem from home, it was no longer that much fun.

When I started working with ASP (Application Service Provider) programs, I tumbled across Tarantella and Citrix. Being a security fanatic, the idea of running a server on windows didn't appeal to me, so Citrix went down the basket. However, Tarantella has its own problems (security as well as the high price). But at the same time somebody told me about this "great little administrator's tool" named VNC. Being used to windows programs' sizes, the surprise was reciprocal inverse to the size of VNC!

At the same time, the program "rdesktop" (a native Linux client for the Terminal Services of Windows servers) came to my attention. There where even works under way to make a protocol converter "rdp2vnc" out of this. However, my primary goal was a slow connection and rdp2vnc could only speak RRE encoding, which is not that funny with just 5kB/s. Tim Edmonds, the original author of rdp2vnc, suggested that I adapt it to Hextile Encoding, which is better. I first tried that, but had no success at all (crunchy pictures).

Also, I liked the idea of an HTTP server included and possibly other encodings like the Tight Encodings from Const Kaplinsky. So I started looking for libraries implementing a VNC server where I could steal what I can't make. I found some programs based on the demo server from AT&T, which was also the basis for rdp2vnc (can only speak Raw and RRE encoding). There were some rumors that GGI has a VNC backend, but I didn't find any code, so probably there wasn't a working version anyway.

All of a sudden, everything changed: I read on freshmeat that "OSXvnc" was released. I looked at the code and it was not much of a problem to work out a simple server - using every functionality there is in Xvnc. It became clear to me that I had to build a library out of it, so everybody can use it. Every change, every new feature can propagate to every user of it.

It also makes everything easier: You don't care about the cursor, once set (or use the standard cursor). You don't care about those sockets. You don't care about encodings. You just change your frame buffer and inform the library about it. Every once in a while you call rfbProcessEvents and that's it.

Basics

VNC (Virtual network computing) works like this: You set up a server and can connect to it via vncviewers. The communication uses a protocol named RFB (Remote Frame Buffer). If the server supports HTTP, you can also connect using a java enabled browser. In this case, the server sends back a vncviewer applet with the correct settings.

There exist several encodings for VNC, which are used to compress the regions which have changed before they are sent to the client. A client need not be able to understand every encoding, but at least Raw encoding. Which encoding it understands is negotiated by the RFB protocol.

The following encodings are known to me: Raw, RRE, CoRRE, Hextile, CopyRect from the original AT&T code and Tight, ZLib, LastRect, XCursor, RichCursor from Const Kaplinsky et al.

If you are using a modem, you want to try the "new" encodings. Especially with my 56k modem I like ZLib or Tight with Quality 0. In my tests, it even beats Tarantella.

There is the possibility to set a password, which is also negotiated by the RFB protocol, but IT IS NOT SECURE. Anybody sniffing your net can get the password. You really should tunnel through SSH.

Windows or: why do you do that to me?

If you love products from Redmod, you better skip this paragraph. I am always amazed how people react whenever Microsoft(tm) puts in some features into their products which were around for a long time. Especially reporters seem to not know dick about what they are reporting about! But what is every time annoying again, is that they don't do it right. Every concept has its new name (remember what enumerators used to be until Mickeysoft(tm) claimed that enumerators are what we thought were iterators. Yeah right, enumerators are also containers. They are not separated. Muddy.)

There are three packages you want to get hold of: zlib, jpeg and pthreads. The latter is not strictly necessary, but when you put something like this into your source:

#define MUTEX(s)
	struct {
		int something;
		MUTEX(latex);
	}

Microsoft's C++ compiler doesn't do it. It complains that this is an error. This, however, is how I implemented mutexes in case you don't need pthreads, and so don't need the mutex.

You can find the packages at http://www.gimp.org/win32/extralibs-dev-20001007.zip

Thanks go to all the GIMP team!

What are those other targets in the Makefile?

OSXvnc-server is the original OSXvnc adapted to use the library, which was in turn adapted from OSXvnc. As you easily can see, the OSX dependend part is minimal.

storepasswd is the original program to save a vnc style password in a file. Unfortunately, authentication as every vncviewer speaks it means the server has to know the plain password. You really should tunnel via ssh or use your own PasswordCheck to build a PIN/TAN system.

sratest is a test unit. Run it to assert correct behaviour of sraRegion. I wrote this to test my iterator implementation.

blooptest is a test of pthreads. It is just the example, but with a background loop to hunt down thread lockups.

pnmshow24 is like pnmshow, but it uses 3 bytes/pixel internally, which is not as efficient as 4 bytes/pixel for translation, because there is no native data type of that size, so you have to memcpy pixels and be real cautious with endianness. Anyway, it works.

fontsel is a test for rfbSelectBox and rfbLoadConsoleFont. If you have Linux console fonts, you can browse them via VNC. Directory browsing not implemented yet :-(

Why I don't feel bad about GPL

At the beginning of this projects I would have liked to make it a BSD license. However, it is based on plenty of GPL'ed code, so it has to be a GPL. I hear BeeGee complaining: "but that's invasive, every derivative work, even just linking, makes my software GPL!"

Yeah. That's right. It is because there are nasty jarheads out there who would take anybody's work and claim it their own, selling it for much too much money, stealing freedom and innovation from others, saying they were the maintainers of innovation, lying, making money with that.

The people at AT&T worked really well to produce something as clean and lean as VNC. The managers decided that for their fame, they would release the program for free. But not only that! They realized that by releasing also the code for free, VNC would become an evolving little child, conquering new worlds, making its parents very proud. As well they can be! To protect this innovation, they decided to make it GPL, not BSD. The principal difference is: You can make closed source programs deriving from BSD, not from GPL. You have to give proper credit with both.

Now, why not BSD? Well, imagine your child being some famous actor. Along comes a manager who exploits your child exclusively, that is: nobody else can profit from the child, it itself included. Got it?

What reason do you have now to use this library commercially?

Several: You don't have to give away your product. Then you have effectively circumvented the GPL, because you have the benefits of other's work and you don't give back anything and you will be in hell for that. In fact, this library, as my other projects, is a payback for all the free software I can use (and sometimes, make better). For example, just now, I am using XEmacs on top of XFree86, all running under Linux.

Better: Use a concept like MySQL. This is free software, however, they make money with it. If you want something implemented, you have the choice: Ask them to do it (and pay a fair price), or do it yourself, normally giving back your enhancements to the free world of computing.

Learn from it: If you like the style this is written, learn how to imitate it. If you don't like the style, learn how to avoid those things you don't like. I learnt so much, just from looking at code like Linux, XEmacs, LilyPond, STL, etc.

License

This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.

This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.

You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.dfdf

Contact

To contact me, mail me: Johannes dot Schindelin at gmx dot de