You can not select more than 25 topics
Topics must start with a letter or number, can include dashes ('-') and can be up to 35 characters long.
496 lines
13 KiB
496 lines
13 KiB
<HTML
|
|
><HEAD
|
|
><TITLE
|
|
>Non-ICCCM features</TITLE
|
|
><META
|
|
NAME="GENERATOR"
|
|
CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.72
|
|
"><LINK
|
|
REL="HOME"
|
|
HREF="index.html"><LINK
|
|
REL="PREVIOUS"
|
|
HREF="index.html"><LINK
|
|
REL="NEXT"
|
|
TITLE="Root Window Properties (+Related Messages)"
|
|
HREF="x107.html"></HEAD
|
|
><BODY
|
|
CLASS="SECT1"
|
|
BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
|
|
TEXT="#000000"
|
|
LINK="#0000FF"
|
|
VLINK="#840084"
|
|
ALINK="#0000FF"
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="NAVHEADER"
|
|
><TABLE
|
|
SUMMARY="Header navigation table"
|
|
WIDTH="100%"
|
|
BORDER="0"
|
|
CELLPADDING="0"
|
|
CELLSPACING="0"
|
|
><TR
|
|
><TH
|
|
COLSPAN="3"
|
|
ALIGN="center"
|
|
></TH
|
|
></TR
|
|
><TR
|
|
><TD
|
|
WIDTH="10%"
|
|
ALIGN="left"
|
|
VALIGN="bottom"
|
|
><A
|
|
HREF="index.html"
|
|
ACCESSKEY="P"
|
|
>Prev</A
|
|
></TD
|
|
><TD
|
|
WIDTH="80%"
|
|
ALIGN="center"
|
|
VALIGN="bottom"
|
|
></TD
|
|
><TD
|
|
WIDTH="10%"
|
|
ALIGN="right"
|
|
VALIGN="bottom"
|
|
><A
|
|
HREF="x107.html"
|
|
ACCESSKEY="N"
|
|
>Next</A
|
|
></TD
|
|
></TR
|
|
></TABLE
|
|
><HR
|
|
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
|
WIDTH="100%"></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="SECT1"
|
|
><H1
|
|
CLASS="SECT1"
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="AEN24"
|
|
>2. Non-ICCCM features</A
|
|
></H1
|
|
><P
|
|
>There is a number of window management features or behaviours which are
|
|
not specified in the ICCCM, but are commonly met in modern Window Managers and Desktop Environments.</P
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="SECT2"
|
|
><H2
|
|
CLASS="SECT2"
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="AEN27"
|
|
>2.1. Additional States</A
|
|
></H2
|
|
><P
|
|
>The ICCCM allows Window Managers to implement additional window states, which will
|
|
appear to clients as substates of NormalState and IconicState. Two
|
|
commonly met examples are Maximized and Shaded. A Window Manager may implement these
|
|
as proper substates of NormalState and IconicState, or it may treat them
|
|
as independent flags, allowing e.g. a maximized window to be iconified
|
|
and to re-appear as maximized upon de-iconification.</P
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="SECT3"
|
|
><H3
|
|
CLASS="SECT3"
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="AEN30"
|
|
>2.1.1. Maximization</A
|
|
></H3
|
|
><P
|
|
>Maximization is a very old feature of Window Managers. There was even a ZoomedState
|
|
in early ICCCM drafts. Maximizing a window should give it as much of the
|
|
screen area as possible (this may not be the full screen area, but only
|
|
a smaller 'workarea', since the Window Manager may have reserved certain areas for other
|
|
windows). A Window Manager is expected to remember the geometry of a maximized window
|
|
and restore it upon de-maximization. Modern Window Managers typically allow separate
|
|
horizontal and vertical maximization.</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>With the introduction of the Xinerama extension in X11 R6.4, maximization
|
|
has become more involved. Xinerama allows a screen to span multiple
|
|
monitors in a freely configurable geometry. In such a setting, maximizing
|
|
a window would ideally not grow it to fill the whole screen, but only the
|
|
monitor it is shown on. There are of course borderline cases for windows
|
|
crossing monitor boundaries, and 'real' maximization to the full screen may
|
|
sometimes be useful.</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="SECT3"
|
|
><H3
|
|
CLASS="SECT3"
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="AEN34"
|
|
>2.1.2. Shading</A
|
|
></H3
|
|
><P
|
|
>Some Desktop Environments offer shading (also known as rollup) as an alternative to
|
|
iconfication. A shaded window typically shows only the titlebar, the client
|
|
window is hidden, thus shading is not useful for windows which are not
|
|
decorated with a titlebar.</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="SECT2"
|
|
><H2
|
|
CLASS="SECT2"
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="AEN37"
|
|
>2.2. Modality</A
|
|
></H2
|
|
><P
|
|
>The Window Manager _TRANSIENT_FOR hint of the ICCCM allows clients to specify that a
|
|
toplevel window may be closed before the client finishes. A typical example
|
|
of a transient window is a dialog. Some dialogs can be open for a long time,
|
|
while the user continues to work in the main window. Other dialogs have to be
|
|
closed before the user can continue to work in the main window. This property
|
|
is called modality. While clients can implement modal windows in an ICCCM
|
|
compliant way using the globally active input model, some Window Managers offer support
|
|
for handling modality.</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="SECT2"
|
|
><H2
|
|
CLASS="SECT2"
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="LARGEDESKS"
|
|
>2.3. Large Desktops</A
|
|
></H2
|
|
><P
|
|
>The Window Manager may offer to arrange the managed windows on a desktop that is
|
|
larger than the root window. The screen functions as a viewport on this large
|
|
desktop. Different policies regarding the positioning of the viewport on the
|
|
desktop can be implemented: The Window Manager may only allow to change the viewport
|
|
position in increments of the screen size (paging) or it may allow arbitrary
|
|
positions (scrolling).</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>To fulfill the ICCCM principle that clients should behave the same
|
|
regardless wether a Window Manager is running or not, Window Managers which
|
|
implement large desktops must interpret all client-provided geometries with
|
|
respect to the current viewport.</P
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="SECT3"
|
|
><H3
|
|
CLASS="SECT3"
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="LARGEDESKSIMPL"
|
|
>2.3.1. Implementation note</A
|
|
></H3
|
|
><P
|
|
>There are two options for implementing a large desktop: The first is to
|
|
keep the managed windows (or, if reparenting, their frames) as children
|
|
of the root window. Moving the viewport is achieved by moving all managed
|
|
windows in the opposite direction.</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>The second alternative is to reparent all managed windows to a dedicated
|
|
large window (somewhat inappropriately called a 'virtual root'). Moving
|
|
the viewport is then achieved by moving the virtual root in the opposite
|
|
direction.</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>Both alternatives are completely ICCCM compliant, although the second one
|
|
may be somewhat problematic for clients trying to figure out the Window Manager decorations
|
|
around their toplevel windows and for clients trying to draw background
|
|
images on the root window.</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="SECT2"
|
|
><H2
|
|
CLASS="SECT2"
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="AEN49"
|
|
>2.4. Sticky windows</A
|
|
></H2
|
|
><P
|
|
>A Window Manager which implements a large desktop typically offers a way for the user
|
|
to make certain windows 'stick to the glass', i.e. these windows will stay
|
|
at the same position on the screen when the viewport is moved.</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="SECT2"
|
|
><H2
|
|
CLASS="SECT2"
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="AEN52"
|
|
>2.5. Virtual Desktops</A
|
|
></H2
|
|
><P
|
|
>Most X servers have only a single screen. The Window Manager may virtualize this
|
|
resource and offer multiple so-called 'virtual desktops', of which only one
|
|
can be shown on the screen at a time. There is some variation among the
|
|
features of virtual desktop implementations. There may be a fixed number
|
|
of desktops, or new ones may be created dynamically. The size of the desktops
|
|
may be fixed or variable. If the desktops are larger than the root window,
|
|
their viewports (see <A
|
|
HREF="x24.html#LARGEDESKS"
|
|
>Section 2.3</A
|
|
>) may be independent or forced to be at the same
|
|
position.</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>A Window Manager which implements virtual desktops generally offers a way for the user
|
|
to move clients between desktops. Clients may be allowed to occupy more than
|
|
one desktop simultaneously.</P
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="SECT3"
|
|
><H3
|
|
CLASS="SECT3"
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="AEN57"
|
|
>2.5.1. Implementation note</A
|
|
></H3
|
|
><P
|
|
>There are at least two options for implementing virtual desktops.
|
|
The first is to use multiple virtual roots (see <A
|
|
HREF="x24.html#LARGEDESKSIMPL"
|
|
>Section 2.3.1</A
|
|
>) and change the current
|
|
desktop by manipulating the stacking order of the virtual roots. This is
|
|
completely ICCCM compliant, but has the issues outlined in <A
|
|
HREF="x24.html#LARGEDESKSIMPL"
|
|
>Section 2.3.1</A
|
|
></P
|
|
><P
|
|
>The second option is to keep all managed windows as children of the root
|
|
window and unmap the frames of those which are not on the current
|
|
desktop. Unmapped windows should be placed in IconicState, according to
|
|
the ICCCM. Windows which are actually iconified or minimized
|
|
should have the _NET_WM_STATE_HIDDEN property set, to
|
|
communicate to Pagers that the window should not be represented as
|
|
"onscreen."</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="SECT2"
|
|
><H2
|
|
CLASS="SECT2"
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="AEN63"
|
|
>2.6. Pagers</A
|
|
></H2
|
|
><P
|
|
>A pager offers a different UI for window management tasks. It shows a
|
|
miniature view of the desktop(s) representing managed windows by small
|
|
rectangles and allows the user to initiate various Window Manager actions by manipulating
|
|
these representations. Typically offered actions are activation (see <A
|
|
HREF="x24.html#ACTIVATION"
|
|
>Section 2.8</A
|
|
>),
|
|
moving, restacking, iconification, maximization and closing. On a large
|
|
desktop, the pager may offer a way to move the viewport. On virtual desktops,
|
|
the pager may offer ways to move windows between desktops and to change the
|
|
current desktop.</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="SECT2"
|
|
><H2
|
|
CLASS="SECT2"
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="AEN67"
|
|
>2.7. Taskbars</A
|
|
></H2
|
|
><P
|
|
>A taskbar offers another UI for window management tasks. It typically
|
|
represents client windows as a list of buttons labelled with the window
|
|
titles and possibly icons. Pressing a button initiates a Window Manager action on the
|
|
represented window, typical actions being activation and iconification.
|
|
In environments with a taskbar, icons are often considered inappropriate,
|
|
since the iconified windows are already represented in the taskbar.</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="SECT2"
|
|
><H2
|
|
CLASS="SECT2"
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="ACTIVATION"
|
|
>2.8. Activation</A
|
|
></H2
|
|
><P
|
|
>In the X world, activating a window means to give it the input focus.
|
|
This may not be possible if the window is unmapped, because it is on a
|
|
different desktop. Thus, activating a window may involve additional steps
|
|
like moving it to the current desktop (or changing to the desktop the window
|
|
is on), deiconifying it or raising it.</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="SECT2"
|
|
><H2
|
|
CLASS="SECT2"
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="AEN73"
|
|
>2.9. Animated iconification</A
|
|
></H2
|
|
><P
|
|
>Some Window Managers display some form of animation when (de-)iconifying a window.
|
|
This may be a line drawing connecting the corners of the window with
|
|
the corners of the icon or the window may be opaquely moved and resized
|
|
on some trajectory joining the window location and the icon location.</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="SECT2"
|
|
><H2
|
|
CLASS="SECT2"
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="AEN76"
|
|
>2.10. Window-in-window MDI</A
|
|
></H2
|
|
><P
|
|
>Window-in-window MDI is a multiple document interface known from MS
|
|
Windows platforms. Programs employing it have a single top-level window
|
|
which contains a workspace which contains the subwindows for the open
|
|
documents. These subwindows are decorated with Window Manager frames and can be
|
|
manipulated within their parent window just like ordinary top-level
|
|
windows on the root window.</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="SECT2"
|
|
><H2
|
|
CLASS="SECT2"
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="AEN79"
|
|
>2.11. Layered stacking order</A
|
|
></H2
|
|
><P
|
|
>Some Window Managers keep the toplevel windows not in a single linear stack,
|
|
but subdivide the stack into several layers. There is a lot of variation
|
|
among the features of layered stacking order implementations. The number of
|
|
layers may or may not be fixed. The layer of a toplevel window may be explicit
|
|
and directly modifyable or derived from other properties of the window, e.g.
|
|
the <SPAN
|
|
CLASS="emphasis"
|
|
><I
|
|
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
|
|
>type</I
|
|
></SPAN
|
|
> of the window. The stacking order may or may not
|
|
be strict, i.e. not allow the user to raise or lower windows beyond their
|
|
layer.</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="SECT2"
|
|
><H2
|
|
CLASS="SECT2"
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="AEN83"
|
|
>2.12. Scope of this spec</A
|
|
></H2
|
|
><P
|
|
>This spec tries to address the following issues:</P
|
|
><P
|
|
></P
|
|
><UL
|
|
><LI
|
|
><P
|
|
>Allow clients to influence their initial state with respect
|
|
to maximization, shading, stickyness, desktop, stacking order.</P
|
|
></LI
|
|
><LI
|
|
><P
|
|
>Improve the Window Managers ability to vary window
|
|
decorations and maintain the stacking order by allowing clients to hint the
|
|
Window Manager about the type of their windows.</P
|
|
></LI
|
|
><LI
|
|
><P
|
|
>Enable pagers and taskbars to be implemented as separate
|
|
clients and allow them to work with any compliant Window Manager.</P
|
|
></LI
|
|
></UL
|
|
><P
|
|
>This spec doesn't cover any of the following:</P
|
|
><P
|
|
></P
|
|
><UL
|
|
><LI
|
|
><P
|
|
>Other IPC mechanisms like ICE or Corba.</P
|
|
></LI
|
|
><LI
|
|
><P
|
|
>Window Manager configuration.</P
|
|
></LI
|
|
><LI
|
|
><P
|
|
>Window Manager documentation.</P
|
|
></LI
|
|
><LI
|
|
><P
|
|
>Clients appearing on a proper subset of desktops.</P
|
|
></LI
|
|
><LI
|
|
><P
|
|
>Window-in-window MDI.</P
|
|
></LI
|
|
></UL
|
|
><P
|
|
>The Window Manager is supposed to be in charge of window management
|
|
policy, so that there is consistent behaviour on the user's screen no matter
|
|
who wrote the clients.</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>The spec offers a lot of external control about Window Manager actions.
|
|
This is intended mainly to allow pagers, taskbars and similar Window Manager
|
|
UIs to be implemented as separate clients. "Ordinary" clients shouldn't use
|
|
these except maybe in response to a direct user request (i.e. setting a
|
|
config option to start maximized or specifying a -desk n cmdline
|
|
argument).</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
|
|
><HR
|
|
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
|
WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
|
|
SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
|
|
WIDTH="100%"
|
|
BORDER="0"
|
|
CELLPADDING="0"
|
|
CELLSPACING="0"
|
|
><TR
|
|
><TD
|
|
WIDTH="33%"
|
|
ALIGN="left"
|
|
VALIGN="top"
|
|
><A
|
|
HREF="index.html"
|
|
ACCESSKEY="P"
|
|
>Prev</A
|
|
></TD
|
|
><TD
|
|
WIDTH="34%"
|
|
ALIGN="center"
|
|
VALIGN="top"
|
|
><A
|
|
HREF="index.html"
|
|
ACCESSKEY="H"
|
|
>Home</A
|
|
></TD
|
|
><TD
|
|
WIDTH="33%"
|
|
ALIGN="right"
|
|
VALIGN="top"
|
|
><A
|
|
HREF="x107.html"
|
|
ACCESSKEY="N"
|
|
>Next</A
|
|
></TD
|
|
></TR
|
|
><TR
|
|
><TD
|
|
WIDTH="33%"
|
|
ALIGN="left"
|
|
VALIGN="top"
|
|
></TD
|
|
><TD
|
|
WIDTH="34%"
|
|
ALIGN="center"
|
|
VALIGN="top"
|
|
> </TD
|
|
><TD
|
|
WIDTH="33%"
|
|
ALIGN="right"
|
|
VALIGN="top"
|
|
>Root Window Properties (+Related Messages)</TD
|
|
></TR
|
|
></TABLE
|
|
></DIV
|
|
></BODY
|
|
></HTML
|
|
> |