<!DOCTYPE tdeveloptoc>
<tdeveloptoc>
<title>LibC</title>
<base href="http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_ node"/>
<tocsect1 name="01 Introduction" url="Introduction.html#Introduction">
<tocsect2 name="1.1 Getting Started" url="Getting-Started.html#Getting-Started"/>
<tocsect2 name="1.2 Standards and Portability" url="Standards-and-Portability.html#Standards-and-Portability"/>
<tocsect2 name="1.3 Using the Library" url="Using-the-Library.html#Using-the-Library"/>
<tocsect2 name="1.4 Roadmap to the Manual" url="Roadmap-to-the-Manual.html#Roadmap-to-the-Manual"/>
</tocsect1>
<tocsect1 name="02 Error Reporting" url="Error-Reporting.html#Error-Reporting">
<tocsect2 name="2.1 Checking for Errors" url="Checking-for-Errors.html#Checking-for-Errors"/>
<tocsect2 name="2.2 Error Codes" url="Error-Codes.html#Error-Codes"/>
<tocsect2 name="2.3 Error Messages" url="Error-Messages.html#Error-Messages"/>
</tocsect1>
<tocsect1 name="03 Virtual Memory Allocation And Paging" url="Memory.html#Memory">
<tocsect2 name="3.1 Process Memory Concepts" url="Memory-Concepts.html#Memory-Concepts"/>
<tocsect2 name="3.2 Allocating Storage For Program Data" url="Memory-Allocation.html#Memory-Allocation"/>
<tocsect2 name="3.3 Resizing the Data Segment" url="Resizing-the-Data-Segment.html#Resizing-the-Data-Segment"/>
<tocsect2 name="3.4 Locking Pages" url="Locking-Pages.html#Locking-Pages"/>
</tocsect1>
<tocsect1 name="04 Character Handling" url="Character-Handling.html#Character-Handling">
<tocsect2 name="4.1 Classification of Characters" url="Classification-of-Characters.html#Classification-of-Characters"/>
<tocsect2 name="4.2 Case Conversion" url="Case-Conversion.html#Case-Conversion"/>
<tocsect2 name="4.3 Character class determination for wide characters" url="Classification-of-Wide-Characters.html#Classification-of-Wide-Characters"/>
<tocsect2 name="4.4 Notes on using the wide character classes" url="Using-Wide-Char-Classes.html#Using-Wide-Char-Classes"/>
<tocsect2 name="4.5 Mapping of wide characters." url="Wide-Character-Case-Conversion.html#Wide-Character-Case-Conversion"/>
</tocsect1>
<tocsect1 name="05 String and Array Utilities" url="String-and-Array-Utilities.html#String-and-Array-Utilities">
<tocsect2 name="5.1 Representation of Strings" url="Representation-of-Strings.html#Representation-of-Strings"/>
<tocsect2 name="5.2 String and Array Conventions" url="String_ 002fArray-Conventions.html#String_ 002fArray-Conventions"/>
<tocsect2 name="5.3 String Length" url="String-Length.html#String-Length"/>
<tocsect2 name="5.4 Copying and Concatenation" url="Copying-and-Concatenation.html#Copying-and-Concatenation"/>
<tocsect2 name="5.5 String/Array Comparison" url="String_ 002fArray-Comparison.html#String_ 002fArray-Comparison"/>
<tocsect2 name="5.6 Collation Functions" url="Collation-Functions.html#Collation-Functions"/>
<tocsect2 name="5.7 Search Functions" url="Search-Functions.html#Search-Functions"/>
<tocsect2 name="5.8 Finding Tokens in a String" url="Finding-Tokens-in-a-String.html#Finding-Tokens-in-a-String"/>
<tocsect2 name="5.9 strfry" url="strfry.html#strfry"/>
<tocsect2 name="5.10 Trivial Encryption" url="Trivial-Encryption.html#Trivial-Encryption"/>
<tocsect2 name="5.11 Encode Binary Data" url="Encode-Binary-Data.html#Encode-Binary-Data"/>
<tocsect2 name="5.12 Argz and Envz Vectors" url="Argz-and-Envz-Vectors.html#Argz-and-Envz-Vectors"/>
</tocsect1>
<tocsect1 name="06 Character Set Handling" url="Character-Set-Handling.html#Character-Set-Handling">
<tocsect2 name="6.1 Introduction to Extended Characters" url="Extended-Char-Intro.html#Extended-Char-Intro"/>
<tocsect2 name="6.2 Overview about Character Handling Functions" url="Charset-Function-Overview.html#Charset-Function-Overview"/>
<tocsect2 name="6.3 Restartable Multibyte Conversion Functions" url="Restartable-multibyte-conversion.html#Restartable-multibyte-conversion"/>
<tocsect2 name="6.4 Non-reentrant Conversion Function" url="Non_ 002dreentrant-Conversion.html#Non_ 002dreentrant-Conversion"/>
<tocsect2 name="6.5 Generic Charset Conversion" url="Generic-Charset-Conversion.html#Generic-Charset-Conversion"/>
</tocsect1>
<tocsect1 name="07 Locales and Internationalization" url="Locales.html#Locales">
<tocsect2 name="7.1 What Effects a Locale Has" url="Effects-of-Locale.html#Effects-of-Locale"/>
<tocsect2 name="7.2 Choosing a Locale" url="Choosing-Locale.html#Choosing-Locale"/>
<tocsect2 name="7.3 Locale Categories" url="Locale-Categories.html#Locale-Categories"/>
<tocsect2 name="7.4 How Programs Set the Locale" url="Setting-the-Locale.html#Setting-the-Locale"/>
<tocsect2 name="7.5 Standard Locales" url="Standard-Locales.html#Standard-Locales"/>
<tocsect2 name="7.6 Locale Names" url="Locale-Names.html#Locale-Names"/>
<tocsect2 name="7.7 Accessing Locale Information" url="Locale-Information.html#Locale-Information"/>
<tocsect2 name="7.8 A dedicated function to format numbers" url="Formatting-Numbers.html#Formatting-Numbers"/>
<tocsect2 name="7.9 Yes-or-No Questions" url="Yes_ 002dor_ 002dNo-Questions.html#Yes_ 002dor_ 002dNo-Questions"/>
</tocsect1>
<tocsect1 name="08 Message Translation" url="Message-Translation.html#Message-Translation">
<tocsect2 name="8.1 X/Open Message Catalog Handling" url="Message-catalogs-a-la-X_ 002fOpen.html#Message-catalogs-a-la-X_ 002fOpen"/>
<tocsect2 name="8.2 The Uniforum approach to Message Translation" url="The-Uniforum-approach.html#The-Uniforum-approach"/>
</tocsect1>
<tocsect1 name="09 Searching and Sorting" url="Searching-and-Sorting.html#Searching-and-Sorting">
<tocsect2 name="9.1 Defining the Comparison Function" url="Comparison-Functions.html#Comparison-Functions"/>
<tocsect2 name="9.2 Array Search Function" url="Array-Search-Function.html#Array-Search-Function"/>
<tocsect2 name="9.3 Array Sort Function" url="Array-Sort-Function.html#Array-Sort-Function"/>
<tocsect2 name="9.4 Searching and Sorting Example" url="Search_ 002fSort-Example.html#Search_ 002fSort-Example"/>
<tocsect2 name="9.5 The hsearch function" url="Hash-Search-Function.html#Hash-Search-Function"/>
<tocsect2 name="9.6 The tsearch function" url="Tree-Search-Function.html#Tree-Search-Function"/>
</tocsect1>
<tocsect1 name="10 Pattern Matching" url="Pattern-Matching.html#Pattern-Matching">
<tocsect2 name="10.1 Wildcard Matching" url="Wildcard-Matching.html#Wildcard-Matching"/>
<tocsect2 name="10.2 Globbing" url="Globbing.html#Globbing"/>
<tocsect2 name="10.3 Regular Expression Matching" url="Regular-Expressions.html#Regular-Expressions"/>
<tocsect2 name="10.4 Shell-Style Word Expansion" url="Word-Expansion.html#Word-Expansion"/>
</tocsect1>
<tocsect1 name="11 Input/Output Overview" url="I_ 002fO-Overview.html#I_ 002fO-Overview">
<tocsect2 name="11.1 Input/Output Concepts" url="I_ 002fO-Concepts.html#I_ 002fO-Concepts"/>
<tocsect2 name="11.2 File Names" url="File-Names.html#File-Names"/>
</tocsect1>
<tocsect1 name="12 Input/Output on Streams" url="I_ 002fO-on-Streams.html#I_ 002fO-on-Streams">
<tocsect2 name="12.1 Streams" url="Streams.html#Streams"/>
<tocsect2 name="12.2 Standard Streams" url="Standard-Streams.html#Standard-Streams"/>
<tocsect2 name="12.3 Opening Streams" url="Opening-Streams.html#Opening-Streams"/>
<tocsect2 name="12.4 Closing Streams" url="Closing-Streams.html#Closing-Streams"/>
<tocsect2 name="12.5 Streams and Threads" url="Streams-and-Threads.html#Streams-and-Threads"/>
<tocsect2 name="12.6 Streams in Internationalized Applications" url="Streams-and-I18N.html#Streams-and-I18N"/>
<tocsect2 name="12.7 Simple Output by Characters or Lines" url="Simple-Output.html#Simple-Output"/>
<tocsect2 name="12.8 Character Input" url="Character-Input.html#Character-Input"/>
<tocsect2 name="12.9 Line-Oriented Input" url="Line-Input.html#Line-Input"/>
<tocsect2 name="12.10 Unreading" url="Unreading.html#Unreading"/>
<tocsect2 name="12.11 Block Input/Output" url="Block-Input_ 002fOutput.html#Block-Input_ 002fOutput"/>
<tocsect2 name="12.12 Formatted Output" url="Formatted-Output.html#Formatted-Output"/>
<tocsect2 name="12.13 Customizing " url="Customizing-Printf.html#Customizing-Printf"/>
<tocsect2 name="12.14 Formatted Input" url="Formatted-Input.html#Formatted-Input"/>
<tocsect2 name="12.15 End-Of-File and Errors" url="EOF-and-Errors.html#EOF-and-Errors"/>
<tocsect2 name="12.16 Recovering from errors" url="Error-Recovery.html#Error-Recovery"/>
<tocsect2 name="12.17 Text and Binary Streams" url="Binary-Streams.html#Binary-Streams"/>
<tocsect2 name="12.18 File Positioning" url="File-Positioning.html#File-Positioning"/>
<tocsect2 name="12.19 Portable File-Position Functions" url="Portable-Positioning.html#Portable-Positioning"/>
<tocsect2 name="12.20 Stream Buffering" url="Stream-Buffering.html#Stream-Buffering"/>
<tocsect2 name="12.21 Other Kinds of Streams" url="Other-Kinds-of-Streams.html#Other-Kinds-of-Streams"/>
<tocsect2 name="12.22 Formatted Messages" url="Formatted-Messages.html#Formatted-Messages"/>
</tocsect1>
<tocsect1 name="13 Low-Level Input/Output" url="Low_ 002dLevel-I_ 002fO.html#Low_ 002dLevel-I_ 002fO">
<tocsect2 name="13.1 Opening and Closing Files" url="Opening-and-Closing-Files.html#Opening-and-Closing-Files"/>
<tocsect2 name="13.2 Input and Output Primitives" url="I_ 002fO-Primitives.html#I_ 002fO-Primitives"/>
<tocsect2 name="13.3 Setting the File Position of a Descriptor" url="File-Position-Primitive.html#File-Position-Primitive"/>
<tocsect2 name="13.4 Descriptors and Streams" url="Descriptors-and-Streams.html#Descriptors-and-Streams"/>
<tocsect2 name="13.5 Dangers of Mixing Streams and Descriptors" url="Stream_ 002fDescriptor-Precautions.html#Stream_ 002fDescriptor-Precautions"/>
<tocsect2 name="13.6 Fast Scatter-Gather I/O" url="Scatter_ 002dGather.html#Scatter_ 002dGather"/>
<tocsect2 name="13.7 Memory-mapped I/O" url="Memory_ 002dmapped-I_ 002fO.html#Memory_ 002dmapped-I_ 002fO"/>
<tocsect2 name="13.8 Waiting for Input or Output" url="Waiting-for-I_ 002fO.html#Waiting-for-I_ 002fO"/>
<tocsect2 name="13.9 Synchronizing I/O operations" url="Synchronizing-I_ 002fO.html#Synchronizing-I_ 002fO"/>
<tocsect2 name="13.10 Perform I/O Operations in Parallel" url="Asynchronous-I_ 002fO.html#Asynchronous-I_ 002fO"/>
<tocsect2 name="13.11 Control Operations on Files" url="Control-Operations.html#Control-Operations"/>
<tocsect2 name="13.12 Duplicating Descriptors" url="Duplicating-Descriptors.html#Duplicating-Descriptors"/>
<tocsect2 name="13.13 File Descriptor Flags" url="Descriptor-Flags.html#Descriptor-Flags"/>
<tocsect2 name="13.14 File Status Flags" url="File-Status-Flags.html#File-Status-Flags"/>
<tocsect2 name="13.15 File Locks" url="File-Locks.html#File-Locks"/>
<tocsect2 name="13.16 Open File Description Locks" url="Open-File-Description-Locks.html#Open-File-Description-Locks"/>
<tocsect2 name="13.17 Open File Description Locks Example" url="Open-File-Description-Locks-Example.html#Open-File-Description-Locks-Example"/>
<tocsect2 name="13.18 Interrupt-Driven Input" url="Interrupt-Input.html#Interrupt-Input"/>
<tocsect2 name="13.19 Generic I/O Control operations" url="IOCTLs.html#IOCTLs"/>
</tocsect1>
<tocsect1 name="14 File System Interface" url="File-System-Interface.html#File-System-Interface">
<tocsect2 name="14.1 Working Directory" url="Working-Directory.html#Working-Directory"/>
<tocsect2 name="14.2 Accessing Directories" url="Accessing-Directories.html#Accessing-Directories"/>
<tocsect2 name="14.3 Working with Directory Trees" url="Working-with-Directory-Trees.html#Working-with-Directory-Trees"/>
<tocsect2 name="14.4 Hard Links" url="Hard-Links.html#Hard-Links"/>
<tocsect2 name="14.5 Symbolic Links" url="Symbolic-Links.html#Symbolic-Links"/>
<tocsect2 name="14.6 Deleting Files" url="Deleting-Files.html#Deleting-Files"/>
<tocsect2 name="14.7 Renaming Files" url="Renaming-Files.html#Renaming-Files"/>
<tocsect2 name="14.8 Creating Directories" url="Creating-Directories.html#Creating-Directories"/>
<tocsect2 name="14.9 File Attributes" url="File-Attributes.html#File-Attributes"/>
<tocsect2 name="14.10 Making Special Files" url="Making-Special-Files.html#Making-Special-Files"/>
<tocsect2 name="14.11 Temporary Files" url="Temporary-Files.html#Temporary-Files"/>
</tocsect1>
<tocsect1 name="15 Pipes and FIFOs" url="Pipes-and-FIFOs.html#Pipes-and-FIFOs">
<tocsect2 name="15.1 Creating a Pipe" url="Creating-a-Pipe.html#Creating-a-Pipe"/>
<tocsect2 name="15.2 Pipe to a Subprocess" url="Pipe-to-a-Subprocess.html#Pipe-to-a-Subprocess"/>
<tocsect2 name="15.3 FIFO Special Files" url="FIFO-Special-Files.html#FIFO-Special-Files"/>
<tocsect2 name="15.4 Atomicity of Pipe I/O" url="Pipe-Atomicity.html#Pipe-Atomicity"/>
</tocsect1>
<tocsect1 name="16 Sockets" url="Sockets.html#Sockets">
<tocsect2 name="16.1 Socket Concepts" url="Socket-Concepts.html#Socket-Concepts"/>
<tocsect2 name="16.2 Communication Styles" url="Communication-Styles.html#Communication-Styles"/>
<tocsect2 name="16.3 Socket Addresses" url="Socket-Addresses.html#Socket-Addresses"/>
<tocsect2 name="16.4 Interface Naming" url="Interface-Naming.html#Interface-Naming"/>
<tocsect2 name="16.5 The Local Namespace" url="Local-Namespace.html#Local-Namespace"/>
<tocsect2 name="16.6 The Internet Namespace" url="Internet-Namespace.html#Internet-Namespace"/>
<tocsect2 name="16.7 Other Namespaces" url="Misc-Namespaces.html#Misc-Namespaces"/>
<tocsect2 name="16.8 Opening and Closing Sockets" url="Open_ 002fClose-Sockets.html#Open_ 002fClose-Sockets"/>
<tocsect2 name="16.9 Using Sockets with Connections" url="Connections.html#Connections"/>
<tocsect2 name="16.10 Datagram Socket Operations" url="Datagrams.html#Datagrams"/>
<tocsect2 name="16.11 The inetd Daemon" url="Inetd.html#Inetd"/>
<tocsect2 name="16.12 Socket Options" url="Socket-Options.html#Socket-Options"/>
<tocsect2 name="16.13 Networks Database" url="Networks-Database.html#Networks-Database"/>
</tocsect1>
<tocsect1 name="17 Low-Level Terminal Interface"
url="Low_ 002dLevel-Terminal-Interface.html#Low_ 002dLevel-Terminal-Interface">
<tocsect2 name="17.1 Identifying Terminals" url="Is-It-a-Terminal.html#Is-It-a-Terminal"/>
<tocsect2 name="17.2 I/O Queues" url="I_ 002fO-Queues.html#I_ 002fO-Queues"/>
<tocsect2 name="17.3 Two Styles of Input: Canonical or Not" url="Canonical-or-Not.html#Canonical-or-Not"/>
<tocsect2 name="17.4 Terminal Modes" url="Terminal-Modes.html#Terminal-Modes"/>
<tocsect2 name="17.5 BSD Terminal Modes" url="BSD-Terminal-Modes.html#BSD-Terminal-Modes"/>
<tocsect2 name="17.6 Line Control Functions" url="Line-Control.html#Line-Control"/>
<tocsect2 name="17.7 Noncanonical Mode Example" url="Noncanon-Example.html#Noncanon-Example"/>
<tocsect2 name="17.8 Pseudo-Terminals" url="Pseudo_ 002dTerminals.html#Pseudo_ 002dTerminals"/>
</tocsect1>
<tocsect1 name="18 Syslog" url="Syslog.html#Syslog">
<tocsect2 name="18.1 Overview of Syslog" url="Overview-of-Syslog.html#Overview-of-Syslog"/>
<tocsect2 name="18.2 Submitting Syslog Messages" url="Submitting-Syslog-Messages.html#Submitting-Syslog-Messages"/>
</tocsect1>
<tocsect1 name="19 Mathematics" url="Mathematics.html#Mathematics">
<tocsect2 name="19.1 Predefined Mathematical Constants" url="Mathematical-Constants.html#Mathematical-Constants"/>
<tocsect2 name="19.2 Trigonometric Functions" url="Trig-Functions.html#Trig-Functions"/>
<tocsect2 name="19.3 Inverse Trigonometric Functions" url="Inverse-Trig-Functions.html#Inverse-Trig-Functions"/>
<tocsect2 name="19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms" url="Exponents-and-Logarithms.html#Exponents-and-Logarithms"/>
<tocsect2 name="19.5 Hyperbolic Functions" url="Hyperbolic-Functions.html#Hyperbolic-Functions"/>
<tocsect2 name="19.6 Special Functions" url="Special-Functions.html#Special-Functions"/>
<tocsect2 name="19.7 Known Maximum Errors in Math Functions" url="Errors-in-Math-Functions.html#Errors-in-Math-Functions"/>
<tocsect2 name="19.8 Pseudo-Random Numbers" url="Pseudo_ 002dRandom-Numbers.html#Pseudo_ 002dRandom-Numbers"/>
<tocsect2 name="19.9 Is Fast Code or Small Code preferred?" url="FP-Function-Optimizations.html#FP-Function-Optimizations"/>
</tocsect1>
<tocsect1 name="20 Arithmetic Functions" url="Arithmetic.html#Arithmetic">
<tocsect2 name="20.1 Integers" url="Integers.html#Integers"/>
<tocsect2 name="20.2 Integer Division" url="Integer-Division.html#Integer-Division"/>
<tocsect2 name="20.3 Floating Point Numbers" url="Floating-Point-Numbers.html#Floating-Point-Numbers"/>
<tocsect2 name="20.4 Floating-Point Number Classification Functions" url="Floating-Point-Classes.html#Floating-Point-Classes"/>
<tocsect2 name="20.5 Errors in Floating-Point Calculations" url="Floating-Point-Errors.html#Floating-Point-Errors"/>
<tocsect2 name="20.6 Rounding Modes" url="Rounding.html#Rounding"/>
<tocsect2 name="20.7 Floating-Point Control Functions" url="Control-Functions.html#Control-Functions"/>
<tocsect2 name="20.8 Arithmetic Functions" url="Arithmetic-Functions.html#Arithmetic-Functions"/>
<tocsect2 name="20.9 Complex Numbers" url="Complex-Numbers.html#Complex-Numbers"/>
<tocsect2 name="20.10 Projections, Conjugates, and Decomposing of Complex Numbers" url="Operations-on-Complex.html#Operations-on-Complex"/>
<tocsect2 name="20.11 Parsing of Numbers" url="Parsing-of-Numbers.html#Parsing-of-Numbers"/>
<tocsect2 name="20.12 Old-fashioned System V number-to-string functions" url="System-V-Number-Conversion.html#System-V-Number-Conversion"/>
</tocsect1>
<tocsect1 name="21 Date and Time" url="Date-and-Time.html#Date-and-Time">
<tocsect2 name="21.1 Time Basics" url="Time-Basics.html#Time-Basics"/>
<tocsect2 name="21.2 Elapsed Time" url="Elapsed-Time.html#Elapsed-Time"/>
<tocsect2 name="21.3 Processor And CPU Time" url="Processor-And-CPU-Time.html#Processor-And-CPU-Time"/>
<tocsect2 name="21.4 Calendar Time" url="Calendar-Time.html#Calendar-Time"/>
<tocsect2 name="21.5 Setting an Alarm" url="Setting-an-Alarm.html#Setting-an-Alarm"/>
<tocsect2 name="21.6 Sleeping" url="Sleeping.html#Sleeping"/>
</tocsect1>
<tocsect1 name="22 Resource Usage And Limitation" url="Resource-Usage-And-Limitation.html#Resource-Usage-And-Limitation">
<tocsect2 name="22.1 Resource Usage" url="Resource-Usage.html#Resource-Usage"/>
<tocsect2 name="22.2 Limiting Resource Usage" url="Limits-on-Resources.html#Limits-on-Resources"/>
<tocsect2 name="22.3 Process CPU Priority And Scheduling" url="Priority.html#Priority"/>
<tocsect2 name="22.4 Querying memory available resources" url="Memory-Resources.html#Memory-Resources"/>
<tocsect2 name="22.5 Learn about the processors available" url="Processor-Resources.html#Processor-Resources"/>
</tocsect1>
<tocsect1 name="23 Non-Local Exits" url="Non_ 002dLocal-Exits.html#Non_ 002dLocal-Exits">
<tocsect2 name="23.1 Introduction to Non-Local Exits" url="Non_ 002dLocal-Intro.html#Non_ 002dLocal-Intro"/>
<tocsect2 name="23.2 Details of Non-Local Exits" url="Non_ 002dLocal-Details.html#Non_ 002dLocal-Details"/>
<tocsect2 name="23.3 Non-Local Exits and Signals" url="Non_ 002dLocal-Exits-and-Signals.html#Non_ 002dLocal-Exits-and-Signals"/>
<tocsect2 name="23.4 Complete Context Control" url="System-V-contexts.html#System-V-contexts"/>
</tocsect1>
<tocsect1 name="24 Signal Handling" url="Signal-Handling.html#Signal-Handling">
<tocsect2 name="24.1 Basic Concepts of Signals" url="Concepts-of-Signals.html#Concepts-of-Signals"/>
<tocsect2 name="24.2 Standard Signals" url="Standard-Signals.html#Standard-Signals"/>
<tocsect2 name="24.3 Specifying Signal Actions" url="Signal-Actions.html#Signal-Actions"/>
<tocsect2 name="24.4 Defining Signal Handlers" url="Defining-Handlers.html#Defining-Handlers"/>
<tocsect2 name="24.5 Primitives Interrupted by Signals" url="Interrupted-Primitives.html#Interrupted-Primitives"/>
<tocsect2 name="24.6 Generating Signals" url="Generating-Signals.html#Generating-Signals"/>
<tocsect2 name="24.7 Blocking Signals" url="Blocking-Signals.html#Blocking-Signals"/>
<tocsect2 name="24.8 Waiting for a Signal" url="Waiting-for-a-Signal.html#Waiting-for-a-Signal"/>
<tocsect2 name="24.9 Using a Separate Signal Stack" url="Signal-Stack.html#Signal-Stack"/>
<tocsect2 name="24.10 BSD Signal Handling" url="BSD-Signal-Handling.html#BSD-Signal-Handling"/>
</tocsect1>
<tocsect1 name="25 The Basic Program/System Interface" url="Program-Basics.html#Program-Basics">
<tocsect2 name="25.1 Program Arguments" url="Program-Arguments.html#Program-Arguments"/>
<tocsect2 name="25.2 Parsing program options using " url="Getopt.html#Getopt"/>
<tocsect2 name="25.3 Parsing Program Options with Argp" url="Argp.html#Argp"/>
<tocsect2 name="25.4 Environment Variables" url="Environment-Variables.html#Environment-Variables"/>
<tocsect2 name="25.5 Auxiliary Vector" url="Auxiliary-Vector.html#Auxiliary-Vector"/>
<tocsect2 name="25.6 System Calls" url="System-Calls.html#System-Calls"/>
<tocsect2 name="25.7 Program Termination" url="Program-Termination.html#Program-Termination"/>
</tocsect1>
<tocsect1 name="26 Processes" url="Processes.html#Processes">
<tocsect2 name="26.1 Running a Command" url="Running-a-Command.html#Running-a-Command"/>
<tocsect2 name="26.2 Process Creation Concepts" url="Process-Creation-Concepts.html#Process-Creation-Concepts"/>
<tocsect2 name="26.3 Process Identification" url="Process-Identification.html#Process-Identification"/>
<tocsect2 name="26.4 Creating a Process" url="Creating-a-Process.html#Creating-a-Process"/>
<tocsect2 name="26.5 Executing a File" url="Executing-a-File.html#Executing-a-File"/>
<tocsect2 name="26.6 Process Completion" url="Process-Completion.html#Process-Completion"/>
<tocsect2 name="26.7 Process Completion Status" url="Process-Completion-Status.html#Process-Completion-Status"/>
<tocsect2 name="26.8 BSD Process Wait Functions" url="BSD-Wait-Functions.html#BSD-Wait-Functions"/>
<tocsect2 name="26.9 Process Creation Example" url="Process-Creation-Example.html#Process-Creation-Example"/>
</tocsect1>
<tocsect1 name="27 Inter-Process Communication" url="Inter_ 002dProcess-Communication.html#Inter_ 002dProcess-Communication">
<tocsect2 name="27.1 Semaphores" url="Semaphores.html#Semaphores"/>
</tocsect1>
<tocsect1 name="28 Job Control" url="Job-Control.html#Job-Control">
<tocsect2 name="28.1 Concepts of Job Control" url="Concepts-of-Job-Control.html#Concepts-of-Job-Control"/>
<tocsect2 name="28.2 Job Control is Optional" url="Job-Control-is-Optional.html#Job-Control-is-Optional"/>
<tocsect2 name="28.3 Controlling Terminal of a Process" url="Controlling-Terminal.html#Controlling-Terminal"/>
<tocsect2 name="28.4 Access to the Controlling Terminal" url="Access-to-the-Terminal.html#Access-to-the-Terminal"/>
<tocsect2 name="28.5 Orphaned Process Groups" url="Orphaned-Process-Groups.html#Orphaned-Process-Groups"/>
<tocsect2 name="28.6 Implementing a Job Control Shell" url="Implementing-a-Shell.html#Implementing-a-Shell"/>
<tocsect2 name="28.7 Functions for Job Control" url="Functions-for-Job-Control.html#Functions-for-Job-Control"/>
</tocsect1>
<tocsect1 name="29 System Databases and Name Service Switch" url="Name-Service-Switch.html#Name-Service-Switch">
<tocsect2 name="29.1 NSS Basics" url="NSS-Basics.html#NSS-Basics"/>
<tocsect2 name="29.2 The NSS Configuration File" url="NSS-Configuration-File.html#NSS-Configuration-File"/>
<tocsect2 name="29.3 NSS Module Internals" url="NSS-Module-Internals.html#NSS-Module-Internals"/>
<tocsect2 name="29.4 Extending NSS" url="Extending-NSS.html#Extending-NSS"/>
</tocsect1>
<tocsect1 name="30 Users and Groups" url="Users-and-Groups.html#Users-and-Groups">
<tocsect2 name="30.1 User and Group IDs" url="User-and-Group-IDs.html#User-and-Group-IDs"/>
<tocsect2 name="30.2 The Persona of a Process" url="Process-Persona.html#Process-Persona"/>
<tocsect2 name="30.3 Why Change the Persona of a Process?" url="Why-Change-Persona.html#Why-Change-Persona"/>
<tocsect2 name="30.4 How an Application Can Change Persona" url="How-Change-Persona.html#How-Change-Persona"/>
<tocsect2 name="30.5 Reading the Persona of a Process" url="Reading-Persona.html#Reading-Persona"/>
<tocsect2 name="30.6 Setting the User ID" url="Setting-User-ID.html#Setting-User-ID"/>
<tocsect2 name="30.7 Setting the Group IDs" url="Setting-Groups.html#Setting-Groups"/>
<tocsect2 name="30.8 Enabling and Disabling Setuid Access" url="Enable_ 002fDisable-Setuid.html#Enable_ 002fDisable-Setuid"/>
<tocsect2 name="30.9 Setuid Program Example" url="Setuid-Program-Example.html#Setuid-Program-Example"/>
<tocsect2 name="30.10 Tips for Writing Setuid Programs" url="Tips-for-Setuid.html#Tips-for-Setuid"/>
<tocsect2 name="30.11 Identifying Who Logged In" url="Who-Logged-In.html#Who-Logged-In"/>
<tocsect2 name="30.12 The User Accounting Database" url="User-Accounting-Database.html#User-Accounting-Database"/>
<tocsect2 name="30.13 User Database" url="User-Database.html#User-Database"/>
<tocsect2 name="30.14 Group Database" url="Group-Database.html#Group-Database"/>
<tocsect2 name="30.15 User and Group Database Example" url="Database-Example.html#Database-Example"/>
<tocsect2 name="30.16 Netgroup Database" url="Netgroup-Database.html#Netgroup-Database"/>
</tocsect1>
<tocsect1 name="31 System Management" url="System-Management.html#System-Management">
<tocsect2 name="31.1 Host Identification" url="Host-Identification.html#Host-Identification"/>
<tocsect2 name="31.2 Platform Type Identification" url="Platform-Type.html#Platform-Type"/>
<tocsect2 name="31.3 Controlling and Querying Mounts" url="Filesystem-Handling.html#Filesystem-Handling"/>
<tocsect2 name="31.4 System Parameters" url="System-Parameters.html#System-Parameters"/>
</tocsect1>
<tocsect1 name="32 System Configuration Parameters" url="System-Configuration.html#System-Configuration">
<tocsect2 name="32.1 General Capacity Limits" url="General-Limits.html#General-Limits"/>
<tocsect2 name="32.2 Overall System Options" url="System-Options.html#System-Options"/>
<tocsect2 name="32.3 Which Version of POSIX is Supported" url="Version-Supported.html#Version-Supported"/>
<tocsect2 name="32.4 Using sysconf" url="Sysconf.html#Sysconf"/>
<tocsect2 name="32.5 Minimum Values for General Capacity Limits" url="Minimums.html#Minimums"/>
<tocsect2 name="32.6 Limits on File System Capacity" url="Limits-for-Files.html#Limits-for-Files"/>
<tocsect2 name="32.7 Optional Features in File Support" url="Options-for-Files.html#Options-for-Files"/>
<tocsect2 name="32.8 Minimum Values for File System Limits" url="File-Minimums.html#File-Minimums"/>
<tocsect2 name="32.9 Using pathconf" url="Pathconf.html#Pathconf"/>
<tocsect2 name="32.10 Utility Program Capacity Limits" url="Utility-Limits.html#Utility-Limits"/>
<tocsect2 name="32.11 Minimum Values for Utility Limits" url="Utility-Minimums.html#Utility-Minimums"/>
<tocsect2 name="32.12 String-Valued Parameters" url="String-Parameters.html#String-Parameters"/>
</tocsect1>
<tocsect1 name="33 DES Encryption and Password Handling" url="Cryptographic-Functions.html#Cryptographic-Functions">
<tocsect2 name="33.1 Legal Problems" url="Legal-Problems.html#Legal-Problems"/>
<tocsect2 name="33.2 Reading Passwords" url="getpass.html#getpass"/>
<tocsect2 name="33.3 Encrypting Passwords" url="crypt.html#crypt"/>
<tocsect2 name="33.4 DES Encryption" url="DES-Encryption.html#DES-Encryption"/>
</tocsect1>
<tocsect1 name="34 Debugging support" url="Debugging-Support.html#Debugging-Support">
<tocsect2 name="34.1 Backtraces" url="Backtraces.html#Backtraces"/>
</tocsect1>
<tocsect1 name="35 POSIX Threads" url="POSIX-Threads.html#POSIX-Threads">
<tocsect2 name="35.1 Thread-specific Data" url="Thread_ 002dspecific-Data.html#Thread_ 002dspecific-Data"/>
<tocsect2 name="35.2 Non-POSIX Extensions" url="Non_ 002dPOSIX-Extensions.html#Non_ 002dPOSIX-Extensions"/>
</tocsect1>
<tocsect1 name="36 Internal probes" url="Internal-Probes.html#Internal-Probes">
<tocsect2 name="36.1 Memory Allocation Probes" url="Memory-Allocation-Probes.html#Memory-Allocation-Probes"/>
<tocsect2 name="36.2 Mathematical Function Probes" url="Mathematical-Function-Probes.html#Mathematical-Function-Probes"/>
<tocsect2 name="36.3 Non-local Goto Probes" url="Non_ 002dlocal-Goto-Probes.html#Non_ 002dlocal-Goto-Probes"/>
</tocsect1>
<tocsect1 name="Appendix A C Language Facilities in the Library" url="Language-Features.html#Language-Features">
<tocsect2 name="A.1 Explicitly Checking Internal Consistency" url="Consistency-Checking.html#Consistency-Checking"/>
<tocsect2 name="A.2 Variadic Functions" url="Variadic-Functions.html#Variadic-Functions"/>
<tocsect2 name="A.3 Null Pointer Constant" url="Null-Pointer-Constant.html#Null-Pointer-Constant"/>
<tocsect2 name="A.4 Important Data Types" url="Important-Data-Types.html#Important-Data-Types"/>
<tocsect2 name="A.5 Data Type Measurements" url="Data-Type-Measurements.html#Data-Type-Measurements"/>
</tocsect1>
<tocsect1 name="Appendix B Summary of Library Facilities" url="Library-Summary.html#Library-Summary"/>
<tocsect1 name="Appendix C Installing the GNU C Library" url="Installation.html#Installation">
<tocsect2 name="C.1 Configuring and compiling the GNU C Library" url="Configuring-and-compiling.html#Configuring-and-compiling"/>
<tocsect2 name="C.2 Installing the C Library" url="Running-make-install.html#Running-make-install"/>
<tocsect2 name="C.3 Recommended Tools for Compilation" url="Tools-for-Compilation.html#Tools-for-Compilation"/>
<tocsect2 name="C.4 Specific advice for GNU/Linux systems" url="Linux.html#Linux"/>
<tocsect2 name="C.5 Reporting Bugs" url="Reporting-Bugs.html#Reporting-Bugs"/>
</tocsect1>
<tocsect1 name="Appendix D Library Maintenance" url="Maintenance.html#Maintenance">
<tocsect2 name="D.1 Adding New Functions" url="Source-Layout.html#Source-Layout"/>
<tocsect2 name="D.2 Porting the GNU C Library" url="Porting.html#Porting"/>
</tocsect1>
<tocsect1 name="Appendix E Platform-specific facilities" url="Platform.html#Platform">
<tocsect2 name="E.1 PowerPC-specific Facilities" url="PowerPC.html#PowerPC"/>
</tocsect1>
<tocsect1 name="Appendix F Contributors to the GNU C Library" url="Contributors.html#Contributors"/>
<tocsect1 name="Appendix G Free Software Needs Free Documentation" url="Free-Manuals.html#Free-Manuals"/>
<tocsect1 name="Appendix H GNU Lesser General Public License" url="Copying.html#Copying"/>
<tocsect1 name="Appendix I GNU Free Documentation License" url="Documentation-License.html#Documentation-License"/>
</tdeveloptoc>
