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<HEAD>
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<TITLE>Client Side State - HTTP Cookies</TITLE>
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</HEAD>
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<BODY BGCOLOR="#ffffff" LINK="#0000ff" VLINK="#ff0000" ALINK="#ff0000" TEXT="#000000" >
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<CENTER>
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<!-- BANNER:s3 -->
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<A HREF="/maps/banners/documentation_s3.map"><IMG SRC="/images/banners/documentation_s3.gif" ALT="Documentation" BORDER=0 WIDTH=612 HEIGHT=50 ISMAP USEMAP="#banner_nav"></A>
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<MAP NAME="banner_nav">
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<AREA SHAPE=RECT COORDS="62,11,91,40" HREF="/">
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<AREA SHAPE=RECT COORDS="153,41,221,50" HREF="/">
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<AREA SHAPE=RECT COORDS="298,8,374,34" HREF="/support/index.html">
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<AREA SHAPE=RECT COORDS="381,15,586,43" HREF="http://help.netscape.com/browse/index.html">
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<AREA SHAPE=default NOHREF>
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</MAP>
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<!-- BANNER:s3 -->
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<H2>
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<FONT SIZE=+3>P</FONT>ERSISTENT
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<FONT SIZE=+3>C</FONT>LIENT
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<FONT SIZE=+3>S</FONT>TATE<BR>
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<FONT SIZE=+3>HTTP C</FONT>OOKIES
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</H2>
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<H3>Preliminary Specification - Use with caution</H3>
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</CENTER>
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<HR SIZE=4>
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<CENTER>
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<H3>
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<FONT SIZE=+2>I</FONT>NTRODUCTION
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</H3>
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</CENTER>
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Cookies are a general mechanism which server side connections (such as
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CGI scripts) can use to both store and retrieve information on the
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client side of the connection. The addition of a simple, persistent,
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client-side state significantly extends the capabilities of Web-based
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client/server applications.<P>
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<CENTER>
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<H3>
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<FONT SIZE=+2>O</FONT>VERVIEW
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</H3>
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</CENTER>
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A server, when returning an HTTP object to a client, may also send a
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piece of state information which the client will store. Included in that
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state object is a description of the range of URLs for which that state is
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valid. Any future HTTP requests made by the client which fall in that
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range will include a transmittal of the current value of the state
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object from the client back to the server. The state object is called
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a <B>cookie</B>, for no compelling reason. <P>
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This simple mechanism provides a powerful new tool which enables a host
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of new types of applications to be written for web-based environments.
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Shopping applications can now store information about the currently
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selected items, for fee services can send back registration information
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and free the client from retyping a user-id on next connection,
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sites can store per-user preferences on the client, and have the client supply
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those preferences every time that site is connected to.
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<CENTER>
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<H3>
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<FONT SIZE=+2>S</FONT>PECIFICATION
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</H3>
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</CENTER>
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A cookie is introduced to the client by including a <B>Set-Cookie</B>
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header as part of an HTTP response, typically this will be generated
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by a CGI script.
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<H3>Syntax of the Set-Cookie HTTP Response Header</H3>
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This is the format a CGI script would use to add to the HTTP headers
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a new piece of data which is to be stored by the client for later retrieval.
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<PRE>
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Set-Cookie: <I>NAME</I>=<I>VALUE</I>; expires=<I>DATE</I>;
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path=<I>PATH</I>; domain=<I>DOMAIN_NAME</I>; secure
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</PRE>
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<DL>
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<DT> <I>NAME</I>=<I>VALUE</I><DD>
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This string is a sequence of characters excluding semi-colon, comma and white
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space. If there is a need to place such data in the name or value, some
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encoding method such as URL style %XX encoding is recommended, though no
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encoding is defined or required. <P> This is the only required attribute
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on the <B>Set-Cookie</B> header. <P>
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<DT><B>expires</B>=<I>DATE</I>
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<DD>
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The <B>expires</B> attribute specifies a date string that
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defines the valid life time of that cookie. Once the expiration
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date has been reached, the cookie will no longer be stored or
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given out. <P>
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The date string is formatted as:
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<BLOCKQUOTE> <TT>Wdy, DD-Mon-YYYY HH:MM:SS GMT</TT></BLOCKQUOTE>
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This is based on
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<A TARGET="_top" HREF="http://ds.internic.net/rfc/rfc822.txt">RFC 822</A>,
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<A TARGET="_top" HREF="http://ds.internic.net/rfc/rfc850.txt">RFC 850</A>,
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<A TARGET="_top" HREF="http://www.w3.org/hypertext/WWW/Protocols/rfc1036/rfc1036.html#z6">
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RFC 1036</A>, and
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<A TARGET="_top" HREF="http://ds1.internic.net/rfc/rfc1123.txt">
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RFC 1123</A>,
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with the variations that the only legal time zone is <B>GMT</B> and
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the separators between the elements of the date must be dashes.
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<P>
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<B>expires</B> is an optional attribute. If not specified, the cookie will
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expire when the user's session ends. <P>
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<B>Note:</B> There is a bug in Netscape Navigator version 1.1 and earlier.
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Only cookies whose <B>path</B> attribute is set explicitly to "/" will
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be properly saved between sessions if they have an <B>expires</B>
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attribute.<P>
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<DT> <B>domain</B>=<I>DOMAIN_NAME</I>
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<DD>
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When searching the cookie list for valid cookies, a comparison of the
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<B>domain</B>
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attributes of the cookie is made with the Internet domain name of the
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host from which the URL will be fetched. If there is a tail match,
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then the cookie will go through <B>path</B> matching to see if it
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should be sent. "Tail matching" means that <B>domain</B> attribute
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is matched against the tail of the fully qualified domain name of
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the host. A <B>domain</B> attribute of "acme.com" would match
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host names "anvil.acme.com" as well as "shipping.crate.acme.com". <P>
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Only hosts within the specified domain
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can set a cookie for a domain and domains must have at least two (2)
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or three (3) periods in them to prevent domains of the form:
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".com", ".edu", and "va.us". Any domain that fails within
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one of the seven special top level domains listed below only require
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two periods. Any other domain requires at least three. The
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seven special top level domains are: "COM", "EDU", "NET", "ORG",
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"GOV", "MIL", and "INT".
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<P>
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The default value of <B>domain</B> is the host name of the server
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which generated the cookie response. <P>
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<DT> <B>path</B>=<I>PATH</I>
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<DD>
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The <B>path</B> attribute is used to specify the subset of URLs in a
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domain for
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which the cookie is valid. If a cookie has already passed <B>domain</B>
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matching, then the pathname component
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of the URL is compared with the path attribute, and if there is
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a match, the cookie is considered valid and is sent along with
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the URL request. The path "/foo"
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would match "/foobar" and "/foo/bar.html". The path "/" is the most
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general path. <P>
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If the <B>path</B> is not specified, it as assumed to be the same path
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as the document being described by the header which contains the cookie.
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<P>
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<DT> <B>secure</B>
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<DD>
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If a cookie is marked <B>secure</B>, it will only be transmitted if the
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communications channel with the host is a secure one. Currently
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this means that secure cookies will only be sent to HTTPS (HTTP over SSL)
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servers. <P>
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If <B>secure</B> is not specified, a cookie is considered safe to be sent
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in the clear over unsecured channels.
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</DL>
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<H3>Syntax of the Cookie HTTP Request Header</H3>
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When requesting a URL from an HTTP server, the browser will match
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the URL against all cookies and if any of them match, a line
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containing the name/value pairs of all matching cookies will
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be included in the HTTP request. Here is the format of that line:
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<PRE>
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Cookie: <I>NAME1=OPAQUE_STRING1</I>; <I>NAME2=OPAQUE_STRING2 ...</I>
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</PRE>
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<H3>Additional Notes</H3>
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<UL>
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<LI>Multiple <B>Set-Cookie</B> headers can be issued in a single server
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response.
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<p>
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<LI>Instances of the same path and name will overwrite each other, with the
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latest instance taking precedence. Instances of the same path but
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different names will add additional mappings.
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<p>
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<LI>Setting the path to a higher-level value does not override other more
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specific path mappings. If there are multiple matches for a given cookie
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name, but with separate paths, all the matching cookies will be sent.
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(See examples below.)
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<p>
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<LI>The
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expires header lets the client know when it is safe to purge the mapping
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but the client is not required to do so. A client may also delete a
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cookie before it's expiration date arrives if the number of cookies
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exceeds its internal limits.
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<p>
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<LI>When sending cookies to a server, all cookies with a more specific
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path mapping should be sent before cookies with less specific path
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mappings. For example, a cookie "name1=foo" with a path mapping
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of "/" should be sent after a cookie "name1=foo2" with
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a path mapping of "/bar" if they are both to be sent.
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<p>
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<LI>There are limitations on the number of cookies that a client
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can store at any one time. This is a specification of the minimum
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number of cookies that a client should be prepared to receive and
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store.
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<UL>
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<LI>300 total cookies
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<LI>4 kilobytes per cookie, where the name and the OPAQUE_STRING
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combine to form the 4 kilobyte limit.
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<LI>20 cookies per server or domain. (note that completely
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specified hosts and domains are treated as separate entities
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and have a 20 cookie limitation for each, not combined)
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</UL>
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Servers should not expect clients to be able to exceed these limits.
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When the 300 cookie limit or the 20 cookie per server limit
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is exceeded, clients should delete the least recently used cookie.
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When a cookie larger than 4 kilobytes is encountered the cookie
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should be trimmed to fit, but the name should remain intact
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as long as it is less than 4 kilobytes.
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<P>
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<LI>If a CGI script wishes to delete a cookie, it can do so by
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returning a cookie with the same name, and an <B>expires</B> time
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which is in the past. The path and name must match exactly
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in order for the expiring cookie to replace the valid cookie.
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This requirement makes it difficult for anyone but the originator
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of a cookie to delete a cookie.
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<P><LI>When caching HTTP, as a proxy server might do, the <B>Set-cookie</B>
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response header should never be cached.
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<P><LI>If a proxy server receives a response which
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contains a <B>Set-cookie</B> header, it should propagate the <B>Set-cookie</B>
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header to the client, regardless of whether the response was 304
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(Not Modified) or 200 (OK).
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<P>Similarly, if a client request contains a Cookie: header, it
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should be forwarded through a proxy, even if the conditional
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If-modified-since request is being made.
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</UL>
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<CENTER>
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<H3>
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<FONT SIZE=+2>E</FONT>XAMPLES
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</H3>
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</CENTER>
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Here are some sample exchanges which are designed to illustrate the use
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of cookies.
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<H3>First Example transaction sequence:</H3>
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<DL>
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<dt>Client requests a document, and receives in the response:<dd>
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<PRE>
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Set-Cookie: CUSTOMER=WILE_E_COYOTE; path=/; expires=Wednesday, 09-Nov-99 23:12:40 GMT</PRE>
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<dt>When client requests a URL in path "/" on this server, it sends:<DD>
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<PRE>Cookie: CUSTOMER=WILE_E_COYOTE</PRE>
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<dt>Client requests a document, and receives in the response:<dd>
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<PRE>Set-Cookie: PART_NUMBER=ROCKET_LAUNCHER_0001; path=/</PRE>
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<dt>When client requests a URL in path "/" on this server, it sends:<dd>
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<PRE>Cookie: CUSTOMER=WILE_E_COYOTE; PART_NUMBER=ROCKET_LAUNCHER_0001</PRE>
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<dt>Client receives:<dd>
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<PRE>Set-Cookie: SHIPPING=FEDEX; path=/foo</PRE>
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<dt>When client requests a URL in path "/" on this server, it sends:<dd>
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<PRE>Cookie: CUSTOMER=WILE_E_COYOTE; PART_NUMBER=ROCKET_LAUNCHER_0001</PRE>
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<dt>When client requests a URL in path "/foo" on this server, it sends:<dd>
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<PRE>Cookie: CUSTOMER=WILE_E_COYOTE; PART_NUMBER=ROCKET_LAUNCHER_0001; SHIPPING=FEDEX</PRE>
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</DL>
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<H3>Second Example transaction sequence:</H3>
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<DL>
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<dt>Assume all mappings from above have been cleared.<p>
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<dt>Client receives:<dd>
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<PRE>Set-Cookie: PART_NUMBER=ROCKET_LAUNCHER_0001; path=/</PRE>
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<dt>When client requests a URL in path "/" on this server, it sends:<dd>
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<PRE>Cookie: PART_NUMBER=ROCKET_LAUNCHER_0001</PRE>
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<dt>Client receives:<dd>
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<PRE>Set-Cookie: PART_NUMBER=RIDING_ROCKET_0023; path=/ammo</PRE>
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<dt>When client requests a URL in path "/ammo" on this server, it sends:<dd>
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<PRE>Cookie: PART_NUMBER=RIDING_ROCKET_0023; PART_NUMBER=ROCKET_LAUNCHER_0001</PRE>
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<dd>NOTE: There are two name/value pairs named "PART_NUMBER" due to the
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inheritance
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of the "/" mapping in addition to the "/ammo" mapping.
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</DL>
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<HR SIZE=4>
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<P>
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<CENTER>
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